The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Abstract
Schematic threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were used to test the hypothesis that humans preferentially orient their attention toward threat. Using a visual search paradigm, participants searched for discrepant faces in matrices of otherwise identical faces. Across 5 experiments, results consistently showed faster and more accurate detection of threatening than friendly targets. The threat advantage was obvious regardless of whether the conditions favored parallel or serial search (i.e., involved neutral or emotional distractors), and it was valid for inverted faces. Threatening angry faces were more quickly and accurately detected than were other negative faces (sad or "scheming"), which suggests that the threat advantage can be attributed to threat rather than to the negative valence or the uniqueness of the target display.
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The threat-signaling stimulus may have been attended because its physical salience was not carefully controlled or because it was not associated with any costs for task performance or any influence on the aversive experience.
“Similarly, the threat-signaling stimulus may have been attended because its physical salience was not carefully controlled (e.g., Öhman, Lundqvist, & Esteves, 2001; Schmidt et al., 2015a) or because it was not associated with any costs for task performance or any influence on the aversive experience (e.g., Schmidt et al., 2015b).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Öhman, Lundqvist, & Esteves, 2001
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The role of attentional biases in PTSD: is it interference or facilitation?
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The Concept of an Evolved Fear Module and Cognitive Theories of Anxiety
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- Authors
- Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 381-396
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1969756516
- Cited by
- 1,366
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- attentional bias, threat detection, schematic faces, angry faces, facial emotion recognition, visual search, inverted faces, emotional distractors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anger, Attention, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Group Structure, Happiness, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time, Social Perception, Sweden
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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