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The overlap model: A model of letter position coding.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research has shown that letter identity and letter position are not integral perceptual dimensions (e.g., jugde primes judge in word-recognition experiments). Most comprehensive computational models of visual word recognition (e.g., the interactive activation model, J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart, 1981, and its successors) assume that the position of each letter within a word is perfectly encoded. Thus, these models are unable to explain the presence of effects of letter transposition (trial-trail), letter migration (beard-bread), repeated letters (moose-mouse), or subset/superset effects (faulty-faculty). The authors extend R. Ratcliff's (1981) theory of order relations for encoding of letter positions and show that the model can successfully deal with these effects. The basic assumption is that letters in the visual stimulus have distributions over positions so that the representation of one letter will extend into adjacent letter positions. To test the model, the authors conducted a series of forced-choice perceptual identification experiments. The overlap model produced very good fits to the empirical data, and even a simplified 2-parameter model was capable of producing fits for 104 observed data points with a correlation coefficient of .91.
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“Replacing this mechanism with an alternative coding scheme (e.g., Gomez et al., 2008) would not be detrimental to our approach, as long as the new mechanism exhibits the key properties of flexibility, and maximizing the use of diagnostic information given constraints in letter visibility.”
From A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing (2011) · cites this paper as Gomez et al., 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gomez, P., Ratcliff, R., & Perea, M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 577-600
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- PMC
- PMC2597794
- OpenAlex
- W1973816319
- Semantic Scholar
- 13280e57c8e593bdddf2df1846334c05c90f836f
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 42.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37-MH44640; K05-MH01891)
- Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SEJ2005-05205/EDU)
- National Science Foundation (SES-0446869)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- overlap model, letter position coding, visual word recognition, letter transposition, order relations, perceptual identification, interactive activation model, letter identity
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Phonetics, Visual Perception, Vocabulary, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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