Cited by 407Reading and Literacy DevelopmentVisual perception and processing mechanismsNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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The overlap model: A model of letter position coding.

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Gomez, Pablo, Ratcliff, Roger, Perea, Manuel·2008·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/a0012667PMC PMC2597794

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Abstract

Recent research has shown that letter identity and letter position are not integral perceptual dimensions (e.g., jugde primes judge in word-recognition experiments). Most comprehensive computational models of visual word recognition (e.g., the interactive activation model, J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart, 1981, and its successors) assume that the position of each letter within a word is perfectly encoded. Thus, these models are unable to explain the presence of effects of letter transposition (trial-trail), letter migration (beard-bread), repeated letters (moose-mouse), or subset/superset effects (faulty-faculty). The authors extend R. Ratcliff's (1981) theory of order relations for encoding of letter positions and show that the model can successfully deal with these effects. The basic assumption is that letters in the visual stimulus have distributions over positions so that the representation of one letter will extend into adjacent letter positions. To test the model, the authors conducted a series of forced-choice perceptual identification experiments. The overlap model produced very good fits to the empirical data, and even a simplified 2-parameter model was capable of producing fits for 104 observed data points with a correlation coefficient of .91.

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Authors: Gomez, P., Ratcliff, R., & Perea, M.
ORCID: Ratcliff, Roger
Perea, Manuel
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 115
Issue: 3
Pages: 577-600
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/a0012667
PMC: PMC2597794
OpenAlex: W1973816319
Semantic Scholar: 13280e57c8e593bdddf2df1846334c05c90f836f
Cited by: 405
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 42.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R37-MH44640; K05-MH01891)
Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SEJ2005-05205/EDU)
National Science Foundation (SES-0446869)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: overlap model, letter position coding, visual word recognition, letter transposition, order relations, perceptual identification, interactive activation model, letter identity
MeSH terms: Cognition, Humans, Phonetics, Visual Perception, Vocabulary, Recognition, Psychology

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The overlap model: A model of letter position coding.

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