Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research
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Hypothesis testing with multiple outcomes requires adjustments to control Type I error inflation, which reduces power to detect significant differences. Maintaining the prechosen Type I error level is challenging when outcomes are correlated. This problem concerns many research areas, including neuropsychological research in which multiple, interrelated assessment measures are common. Standard p value adjustment methods include Bonferroni-, Sidak-, and resampling-class methods. In this report, the authors aimed to develop a multiple hypothesis testing strategy to maximize power while controlling Type I error. The authors conducted a sensitivity analysis, using a neuropsychological dataset, to offer a relative comparison of the methods and a simulation study to compare the robustness of the methods with respect to varying patterns and magnitudes of correlation between outcomes. The results lead them to recommend the Hochberg and Hommel methods (step-up modifications of the Bonferroni method) for mildly correlated outcomes and the step-down minP method (a resampling-based method) for highly correlated outcomes. The authors note caveats regarding the implementation of these methods using available software.
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The Hochberg correction was employed for multiple testing.
“Blakesley et al54 recommended the Hochberg correction55 in this case, which was therefore employed here.”
From Working Memory and Vigilance as Multivariate Endophenotypes Related to Common Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Blakesley, R. E., Mazumdar, S., Dew, M. A., Houck, P. R., Tang, G., Reynolds, C. F., & Butters, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 255-264
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC3045855
- OpenAlex
- W2026344558
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH073451; P30 MH071944; R01 MH072947)
- National Institute on Aging (P01 AG020677)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- multiple comparisons, type I error control, statistical power, Bonferroni correction, resampling, correlated outcomes, neuropsychological assessment, sensitivity analysis, simulation study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Research, Models, Statistical, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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