Cited by 161Cardiac Health and Mental HealthHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlStress Responses and Cortisol

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Major depressive disorder is associated with attenuated cardiovascular reactivity and impaired recovery among those free of cardiovascular disease

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Salomon, Kristen, Clift, April, Karlsdóttir, Mardís, Rottenberg, Jonathan·2009·Health Psychology

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OBJECTIVE: To examine cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to laboratory stress among a naturalistic sample of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy control participants. Prospective evidence suggests that MDD confers risk for cardiovascular disease equal to or greater than the risk associated with depressed mood. Enhanced cardiovascular reactivity has been proposed as a mechanism explaining increased risk, but data are inconsistent as to whether depressed individuals exhibit enhanced or attenuated reactivity. Further, few studies have examined appraisal and recovery differences. DESIGN: Participants diagnosed with MDD (N = 25) and healthy control participants (N = 25) engaged in a cardiovascular reactivity protocol including 2 tasks, each followed by a brief recovery period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure, heart rate, pre-ejection period, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were assessed. Appraisals of tasks were assessed prior to each task. RESULTS: Depressed participants exhibited significantly less systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output reactivity during speech, less heart rate reactivity during mirror tracing, and less heart rate recovery after speech and mirror tracing than controls. Depressed participants appraised the tasks as more demanding, threatening, and stressful and reported being less able to cope than controls. Appraisals were related to heart rate reactivity, but appraisals did not mediate the relationship between depression group and reactivity. CONCLUSION: Impaired recovery rather than exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity may partially explain the increased prospective cardiovascular disease risk in depressed individuals.

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Authors: Salomon, K., Clift, A., Karlsdóttir, M., & Rottenberg, J.
Affiliations: University of South Florida (US)
ORCID: Salomon, Kristen
Rottenberg, Jonathan
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-165
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/a0013001
PMC: PMC2657932
OpenAlex: W2035120573
Cited by: 161
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 6.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: University of South Florida
National Institutes of Health (MH077669)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: major depressive disorder, cardiovascular reactivity, heart rate recovery, cardiovascular risk, stress appraisal, stress coping, blood pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, pre-ejection period, speech stress, mirror tracing, laboratory stress
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Arousal, Cardiovascular Diseases, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Speech, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult

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Major depressive disorder is associated with attenuated cardiovascular reactivity and impaired recovery among those free of cardiovascular disease

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