The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact.
Open accessAbstract
The contact hypothesis states that, under the right conditions, contact between members of different groups leads to more positive intergroup relations. The authors track recent trends in contact theory to the emergence of extended, or indirect, forms of contact. These advances lead to an intriguing proposition: that simply imagining intergroup interactions can produce more positive perceptions of outgroups. The authors discuss empirical research supporting the imagined contact proposition and find it to be an approach that is at once deceptively simple and remarkably effective. Encouraging people to mentally simulate a positive intergroup encounter leads to improved outgroup attitudes and reduced stereotyping. It curtails intergroup anxiety and extends the attribution of perceivers' positive traits to others. The authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of imagined contact compared to conventional strategies, outline an agenda for future research, and discuss applications for policymakers and educators in their efforts to encourage more positive intergroup relations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1913) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,226
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006) · Journal of personality and social psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 · Cited by 9,708 · cited 3×
“…has become one of the most extensively researched ideas in psychology (Oskamp & Jones, 2000) and a recent meta-analysis of 515 of these studies has confirmed the core proposition: There is a robust, highly significant, negative relationship between contact and prejudice (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006).”
BackgroundMeasuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order
(1997) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(97)80966-1 · Cited by 7,457
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65 · Cited by 6,001
Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 · Cited by 5,157
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090055 · Cited by 1,894
Cited by
Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness
McCullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., & Tabak, B. A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11002160 · Cited by 481
Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions
Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M. H., & Hewstone, M. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217712052 · Cited by 429
Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory
Schacter, D. L. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0029869 · Cited by 417
The Extended Contact Hypothesis: A Meta-Analysis on 20 Years of Research
Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A., & Hewstone, M. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868318762647 · Cited by 336
Fifty‐odd years of inter‐group contact: From hypothesis to integrated theory
Hewstone, M., & Swart, H. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x · Cited by 289
Metadata
- Authors
- Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 231-240
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2057450765
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 57
- FWCI
- 93.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/a0014718
- The paper
- Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014718
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.