INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY
Abstract
Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalization-decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.
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Increased contact can ameliorate implicit bias through a wide variety of mechanisms, including altering the cognitive representations of the group or by directly improving evaluations of the group.
“Increased contact can ameliorate implicit bias through a wide variety of mechanisms, including altering the cognitive representations of the group or by directly improving evaluations of the group (Pettigrew, 1998; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006).”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Pettigrew, 1998
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- Authors
- Pettigrew, T. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pettigrew, Thomas F.
- ORCID
- Pettigrew, Thomas F.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-85
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2144354189
- Cited by
- 6,001
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 202 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 303 · 2023: 300 · 2022: 314 · 2021: 452 · 2020: 402 · 2019: 326 · 2018: 356 · 2017: 282 · 2016: 266 · 2015: 288 · 2014: 263 · 2013: 276 · 2012: 279
- FWCI
- 17.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- contact hypothesis, Allport, prejudice reduction, cross-group friendship, selection bias, intergroup cooperation, affective bonds, decategorization, recategorization, individual differences, social norms
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