Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: Developmental changes

“To examine the relationship between contemporaneous suicide attempts and psychiatric disorders, we used Andersen–Gill recurrent events survival models (Andersen & Gill, 1982).”

“To determine whether the effects of the different disorders varied over time as youths got older, we conducted tests of the proportionality assumption for disorders that were significantly related to suicide attempts (Schoenfeld, 1982).”

“Developmental psychopathologists have noted that adolescence often is marked by higher levels of emotional reactivity, increased risk-taking behaviors, and increases in strivings for autonomy, which may result in conflict or a “pushing away” of previous sources of support, such as parental figures (Arnett, 1999; Dahl,…”

“Developmental psychopathologists have noted that adolescence often is marked by higher levels of emotional reactivity, increased risk-taking behaviors, and increases in strivings for autonomy, which may result in conflict or a “pushing away” of previous sources of support, such as parental figures (Arnett, 1999; Dahl,…”

“Final “best estimate” diagnoses (Leckman, Sholomskas, Thompson, Belanger, & Weissman, 1982; Roy et al., 1997) were determined by the process of consensus in the diagnostic conferences, and they were based on all available information.”

“In a cascading manner (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002), the depression and co-occurring difficulties can contribute to further developmental setbacks or difficulties, which increase the likelihood of self-harm behaviors.”

“The strengthening of an association between suicide attempts and major depression and substance use disorders is of particular concern, given the increasing rates of these disorders from adolescence through young adulthood (Lewinsohn et al., 2001; Wagner & Anthony, 2002).”

“When participants continued to evidence symptoms of disorders but no longer met full diagnostic criteria, they were considered to still be in partial remission and were counted as continuing in the episodes of the disorders (Kovacs et al., 1984).”

“…understand factors associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior, several community studies have examined the relationship between current psychiatric disorder and lifetime history of suicide attempts among adolescents (Andrews & Lewinsohn, 1992; Gould et al., 1998; Velez & Cohen, 1988).”

“…understand factors associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior, several community studies have examined the relationship between current psychiatric disorder and lifetime history of suicide attempts among adolescents (Andrews & Lewinsohn, 1992; Gould et al., 1998; Velez & Cohen, 1988).”

“The strengthening of an association between suicide attempts and major depression and substance use disorders is of particular concern, given the increasing rates of these disorders from adolescence through young adulthood (Lewinsohn et al., 2001; Wagner & Anthony, 2002).”

“…was associated with the greatest contemporaneous risk for suicide attempts—greater than a five-fold increase in risk even after controlling for the presence of other disorders—coincides with findings from other longitudinal studies (Foley et al., 2006; Kovacs et al., 1993; Pfeffer et al., 1993).”

“In sum, the current findings build upon and extend those from a younger community sample (Foley et al., 2006) in suggesting not only that the great majority of child psychiatric disorders confer significant risk for suicidal attempts but also that the nature of this risk changes over the course of…”

“…from this longitudinal study have focused on the degree to which factors assessed at hospitalization are predictive of later suicide attempts (Goldston et al., 1999, 2001), state and trait characteristics of purported risk factors for suicidal behavior (Goldston, Reboussin, & Daniel, 2006),…”

“Pfeffer et al. (1993) relied upon a single follow-up assessment covering 6–8 years to determine that there was a higher risk of suicide attempts occurring in the same year as episodes of major depression and substance use.”

“%) of bipolar disorder than has been documented in some other clinical samples of adolescents (e.g., Brent et al., 1993).”

“…understand factors associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior, several community studies have examined the relationship between current psychiatric disorder and lifetime history of suicide attempts among adolescents (Andrews & Lewinsohn, 1992; Gould et al., 1998; Velez & Cohen, 1988).”

“Different theoretical approaches have highlighted the role of depression and hopelessness in the genesis of suicidal behavior (Abramson et al., 2000).”

“Two interrater reliability trials have indicated very high levels of agreement regarding the presence of suicide attempt as assessed with the ISCA (Goldston et al., 2001; Kovacs, 1981).”

“The predictive validity of ISCA-derived diagnoses has been demonstrated in this longitudinal study (Goldston et al., 1999; Sherrill & Kovacs, 2000).”

“Final “best estimate” diagnoses (Leckman, Sholomskas, Thompson, Belanger, & Weissman, 1982; Roy et al., 1997) were determined by the process of consensus in the diagnostic conferences, and they were based on all available information.”

“Other reports from this longitudinal study have focused on the degree to which factors assessed at hospitalization are predictive of later suicide attempts (Goldston et al,, 1999, 2001), state and trait characteristics of purported risk factors for suicidal behavior (Goldston, Reboussin, & Daniel, 2006), anger and ang…”

“With cross-sectional studies of clinical samples, it has been possible to examine the relationships between psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior occurring in the same window of time (e.g., Goldston et al., 1998).”

“…for suicidal behavior (Goldston, Reboussin, & Daniel, 2006), anger and anger expression over the follow-up in relation to suicide attempts (Daniel, Goldston, Franklin, & Erkanli, 2009), aftercare service use (Goldston et al., 2003), and rehospitalizations in the sample (Arnold et al., 2003).”

“A relationship between panic and suicide attempts has been documented in adults, but there have been differing findings regarding the degree to which this relationship is mediated by comorbid disorders, such as depression and substance use (Goodwin & Roy-Byrne, 2006).”

“…for suicidal behavior (Goldston, Reboussin, & Daniel, 2006), anger and anger expression over the follow-up in relation to suicide attempts (Daniel, Goldston, Franklin, & Erkanli, 2009), aftercare service use (Goldston et al., 2003), and rehospitalizations in the sample (Arnold et al., 2003).”

“…parallels the decrease in rates of minor acts of physical aggression (but not the more serious, lethal acts of aggression) as youths grow older (Conner & Goldston, 2007) and could also reflect increasing mediation of the conduct disorder– suicide attempt relationship via a link with substance…”

“, 1998), substance abuse and run-away behaviors (Mandell, Walrath, & Goldston, 2006), and sexual abuse (Mandell et al., 2006).”

“…of depression (Boden, Fergusson, & Horwood, 2007; Foley, Goldston, Costello, & Angold, 2006; Ghaziuddin, King, Naylor, & Ghaziuddin, 2000; Goldston et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2006; Masi, Mucci, et al., 2001; O’Neil, Puleo, Benjamin, Podell, & Kendall, 2012; O’Neil-Rodriguez & Kendall,…”

“However, others have reported with patient samples that the association of suicide attempts increases with age from adolescence to adulthood (Goldston et al., 2009) or is more strongly associated with recurrent MDD (Witte, Fink, Smith, & Joiner, 2009), which is more likely to occur later than adolescence.”