Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered
Abstract
G. S. Hall's (1904) view that adolescence is a period of heightened "storm and stress" is reconsidered in light of contemporary research. The author provides a brief history of the storm-and-stress view and examines 3 key aspects of this view: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risk behavior. In all 3 areas, evidence supports a modified storm-and-stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural variations. Not all adolescents experience storm and stress, but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages. Adolescent storm and stress tends to be lower in traditional cultures than in the West but may increase as globalization increases individualism. Similar issues apply to minority cultures in American society. Finally, although the general public is sometimes portrayed by scholars as having a stereotypical view of adolescent storm and stress, both scholars and the general public appear to support a modified storm-and-stress view.
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Adolescence is characterized by behavioral changes such as increased risk-taking and behavioral impulsivity, putatively caused by an imbalance of basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex maturation.
“Adolescence is thought to be characterized by behavioral changes such as increased risk-taking and behavioral impulsivity 41,42 putatively caused by an imbalance of basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex maturation.”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
Emotion-related processes appear to follow a curvilinear trajectory, with emotional responses peaking in intensity and lability in adolescence.
“Behaviorally, emotion-related processes also seem to follow a curvilinear trajectory, by which emotional responses peak in intensity and lability in adolescence (Arnett, 1999; Larson et al., 2002; Silk et al., 2003; Weinstein et al., 2007).”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Arnett, 1999
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De Lauzon‐Guillain, B., Romon, M., Musher‐Eizenman, D., Heude, B., Basdevant, A., Charles, M. A., & Fleurbaix‐Laventie Ville Santé Study Group (2009) · Maternal & Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00164.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Reproductive identity: an emerging concept
Athan, A. M. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000623 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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“All Gas and No Brakes!”: Helpful Metaphor or Harmful Stereotype?
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Mapping Phenomena Relevant to Adolescent Emotion Regulation: A Text-Mining Systematic Review
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- Authors
- Arnett, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 317-326
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4233520978
- Cited by
- 1,708
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 34.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Clark Digital Commons (Clark University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- parent-adolescent conflict, adolescent risk behavior, individual differences, cultural variation, individualism, globalization, cultural minorities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Conflict, Psychological, Humans, Parent-Child Relations, Risk-Taking, Stress, Psychological, Age Distribution, Mood Disorders
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