The DOI matches its Crossref record; 80 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social class, sense of control, and social explanation.
Abstract
Lower social class is associated with diminished resources and perceived subordinate rank. On the basis of this analysis, the authors predicted that social class would be closely associated with a reduced sense of personal control and that this association would explain why lower class individuals favor contextual over dispositional explanations of social events. Across 4 studies, lower social class individuals, as measured by subjective socioeconomic status (SES), endorsed contextual explanations of economic trends, broad social outcomes, and emotion. Across studies, the sense of control mediated the relation between subjective SES and contextual explanations, and this association was independent of objective SES, ethnicity, political ideology, and self-serving biases. Finally, experimentally inducing a higher sense of control attenuated the tendency for lower subjective SES individuals to make more contextual explanations (Study 4). Implications for future research on social class as well as theoretical distinctions between objective SES and subjective SES are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“whereas upper‐class individuals were more disengaged non‐verbally, lower‐class individuals exhibited more socially engaged eye contact, head nods, and laughter”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“In a series of four studies, Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009) found that, by comparison with their higher subjective social class counterparts, lower subjective social class individuals (1) reported lower perceived control”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“when naïve observers were shown 60‐s excerpts of these interactions, they used these disengaged versus engaged non‐verbal behavioural styles to make judgements of the educational and income backgrounds of the people they had seen with above‐chance accuracy”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“there was a significant indirect effect of subjective social class on the tendency to see phenomena as caused by external factors, via perceived control”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009)
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586 · Cited by 5,080
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Triandis, H. C. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506 · Cited by 5,019
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,273
The processes of causal attribution.
Kelley, H. H. (1973) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0034225 · Cited by 4,025 · cited 2×
“More specifically, lower class individuals will explain social outcomes in terms of contextual factors that are, by implication, outside an individual’s control (for similar claims on the relation between sense of control and external, contextual attributions, see Jones & Nisbett, 1987; Kelley, 1973; Malle & Knobe, 19…”
BackgroundLanger, E. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311 · Cited by 3,909
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 960
Physically scarce (vs. enriched) environments decrease the ability to tell lies successfully.
ten Brinke, L., Khambatta, P., & Carney, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000103 · Cited by 17
Uleman, J. S., & Sarıbay, S. A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.013.0014 · Cited by 13
A Large Scale Test of the Effect of Social Class on Prosocial BehaviorPreprint
Korndörfer, M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2704303 · Cited by 14
Feng, Z., Keng, F. T., Hu, L., & Savani, K. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05113-1 · Cited by 17
Ying, L., Zhang, S., & Jia, X. (2022) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13072 · Cited by 12
Li, B., Yu, W., Hu, X., & Jin, L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05338-x · Cited by 15
Kraft, P., & Kraft, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283601 · Cited by 18
Zhong, B., Niu, N., Li, J., Wu, Y., & Fan, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1428659 · Cited by 13
Ishii, K., Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01311 · Cited by 12
Does social class matter in recovering self-service technology failures?
Kim, H., & Jang, S. S. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-06-2021-0741 · Cited by 12
He, K., Wang, J., & Sun, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.839497 · Cited by 12
Zhu, X., Cheng, L., Li, Z., Xiao, L., & Wang, F. (2022) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.673 · Cited by 12
Lautenbacher, J. M., & Fritsche, I. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104500 · Cited by 12
Whelan, J., Hingston, S. T., & Thomson, M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.015 · Cited by 12
Stereotypes and Relative Social Status in Social Comparisons
Swencionis, J. K., & Fiske, S. T. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0010 · Cited by 11
The Experience of Intimate Relationships Among Homosexual Men in Malaysia
Liow, J. W., Khalaf, Z. F., Ameeruddin, N. A. M., & Foong, A. L. S. (2017) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-017-9442-x · Cited by 13
Class-based differences in the use of (aggressive) humor: The mediating role of empathic concern
Navarro‐Carrillo, G., Torres‐Marín, J., & Carretero‐Dios, H. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109868 · Cited by 17
Embodying the Market: The Emergence of the Body Entrepreneur
Michel, A. (2022) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00018392221135606 · Cited by 11
Fairness of inequality and support for redistribution: directly comparing citizens and legislators
Helfer, L., Giger, N., & Breunig, C. (2023) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2023.2170852 · Cited by 11
Yanagisawa, K., Nakai, R., Asano, K., Kashima, E. S., Sugiura, H., & Abe, N. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2511101122 · Cited by 14
The Polish Panel Survey, POLPAN
Tomescu‐Dubrow, I., Słomczyński, K. M., Sawiński, Z., Kiersztyn, A., Janicka, K., Życzyńska-Ciołek, D., Wysmułek, I., & Kotnarowski, M. (2021) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcab017 · Cited by 12
Srivastava, D. K., & Roychoudhury, B. (2021) · Journal of Global Information Technology Management · doi:10.1080/1097198x.2021.1954416 · Cited by 13
Self-views of disadvantage and success impact perceptions of privilege among White men
Fath, S. B., Ma, A., & Rosette, A. S. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.104114 · Cited by 11
Dispositional and situational attributions for why the rich live longer than the poor
Bridger, E. K., Tufte‐Hewett, A., & Comerford, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12955 · Cited by 12
Class, resistance, and the psychologization of development in South Africa
Barnes, B. R., & Milovanovic, M. (2015) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354315573546 · Cited by 11
Who Gains More? The Relationship Between Parenthood and Well-Being
Yu, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Guo, Y., Jin, S., & Chen, J. (2019) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704919860467 · Cited by 11
Bodelet, C., Bodelet, J., Landelle, C., & Gauchet, A. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1856843 · Cited by 11
Imami, L., Jiang, Y., Murdock, K. W., & Zilioli, S. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001004 · Cited by 11
Social status and energy intake: a randomized controlled experiment
Pavela, G., Lewis, D., Dawson, J., Cardel, M. I., & Allison, D. B. (2017) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12198 · Cited by 11
Studying Socioeconomic Status: Conceptual Problems and an Alternative Path ForwardPreprint
Antonoplis, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/29v6b · Cited by 11
Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries
Batruch, A., Sommet, N., & Autin, F. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02234-1 · Cited by 22
Engstrom, H. R., Laurin, K., Kay, N., & Human, L. J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231171435 · Cited by 14
Zhong, W., Gao, F., & Xia, L. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2413 · Cited by 10
The impact of subjective social class on green consumption: the moderating role of status symbols
Feng, X., Tang, H., Fan, W., Ren, M., & Zhong, Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07182-z · Cited by 12
Relación entre clase social subjetiva y autoeficacia: efecto de la comparación social
Quiroga-Garza, A., García‐Sánchez, E., Treviño-Elizondo, F. A., & Willis, G. B. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.266611 · Cited by 14
Ma, X., & Liao, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.791850 · Cited by 12
Wong, Y. P., & Yang, H. (2022) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2022.2055738 · Cited by 12
Social class predicts preference for competent politicians
Callaghan, B., Kraus, M. W., & Dovidio, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104298 · Cited by 12
Self-citationZhang, D., Fan, M., Meng, L., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010767 · Cited by 12
Petsnik, C., & Vorauer, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12576 · Cited by 11
The relationship between subjective social status, impulsivity and addictive behaviours
Tunney, R. J., & Raybould, J. N. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2023.100130 · Cited by 10
Jiang, Y., Knauft, K. M., Richardson, C. M. E., Chung, T. A., Wu, B., & Zilioli, S. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad034 · Cited by 10
Effect of social class on personal control beliefs
John, M., Boileau, L. L.-A., & Bless, H. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12872 · Cited by 14
Socioeconomic Status Moderates Age Differences in Empathic Concern
Li, T., & Siu, P.-M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz079 · Cited by 11
The scars of scarcity in the short run: an empirical investigation across Europe
Baldini, M., Gallo, G., & Torricelli, C. (2020) · Economia Politica · doi:10.1007/s40888-020-00187-4 · Cited by 12
Liang, J., Chen, X., Li, T., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.595731 · Cited by 9
Howard, C., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211001935 · Cited by 12
Early life predictors of positive change during the coronavirus disease pandemic
Bleil, M. E., Appelhans, B. M., Thomas, A. S., Gregorich, S. E., Marquez, N., Roisman, G. I., Booth‐LaForce, C., & Crowder, K. D. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00586-7 · Cited by 12
Wang, T., Wang, X., Jiang, T., Wang, S., & Chen, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063170 · Cited by 9
Li, W., Wu, J., Guo, Z., & Kou, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231174266 · Cited by 10
Lu, T., Lu, X., Yang, H., & Zhang, P. (2024) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478231224925 · Cited by 8
A cross‐cultural test of competing hypotheses about system justification using data from 42 nations
Valdes, E. A., Liu, J. H.-F., Williams, M. N., & Carr, S. C. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13039 · Cited by 9
Income and education show distinct links to health and happiness in daily life
Newman, D. B., Gordon, A. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02264-9 · Cited by 12
Fan, Z., An, Y., Zhao, H., & Peng, H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106076 · Cited by 14
Expanding the Notion of Agency: Introducing Grit as an Additional Facet of Agency
Kwon, H. W. (2017) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60943-0_6 · Cited by 9
Connor, P., Stancato, D. M., Yıldırım, U., Lee, S. M., & Chen, S. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103967 · Cited by 8
Rao, T., Yang, S., & Zhu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020932 · Cited by 9
Vidal, C., Jun, H., & Latkin, C. A. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01347-2 · Cited by 9
Evans, O., McGuffog, R., Gendi, M., & Rubin, M. (2022) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-022-09693-9 · Cited by 17
Socioeconomic Status and Child Quality of Life: The Mediating Roles of Parenting Practices
Ji, J., Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Cai, Y. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10019-z · Cited by 9
Yao, Q., Hu, C., & Du, J. (2023) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-03-2022-3920 · Cited by 12
Highlighting supply-abundance increases attraction to small-assortment retailers
Gu, Y., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2023.08.002 · Cited by 12
He, L., Tan, C., Pung, P. W., Hu, J., Tang, H.-B., & Cheng, S. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107143 · Cited by 10
Hollensen, S., & Saeidi, S. (2023) · American Journal of Industrial and Business Management · doi:10.4236/ajibm.2023.1310060 · Cited by 9
Howell, R. (2013) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2013.836624 · Cited by 10
Kwon, H. W. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211005216 · Cited by 9
Subjective Class Identification in Australia: Do Social Networks Matter?
Huang, X. (2021) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2021.1997668 · Cited by 9
Low Income Amplifies the Negative Relationship Between Nostalgia Proneness and Well-Being
Newman, D. B. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10066-8 · Cited by 12
The influence of signs of social class on compassionate responses to people in need
Callaghan, B., Delgadillo, Q. M., & Kraus, M. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.936170 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMisanthropolis: Do cities promote misanthropy?
Okulicz‐Kozaryn, A., & Valente, R. R. (2022) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103945 · Cited by 10
The Self in Action: Narrating Agentic Moments
Zilberstein, S., Ayala‐Hurtado, E., Sanchez, M., & Robey, D. J. (2024) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2024.10.5.05 · Cited by 9
The Social Representations of Academic Achievement and Failure
Sinha, C., & Mishra, A. K. (2015) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-014-0285-3 · Cited by 9
Body shortness lowers belief in a just world: The mediating role of life satisfaction
Bai, B., Liu, X., Shang, S.-J., Zhong, N., & Zhang, Q. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.027 · Cited by 9
Health-Related Quality of Life of Low-Socioeconomic-Status Populations in Urban China
Wu, L., & Zhang, H. (2016) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlw039 · Cited by 9
How the rich get richer: affluence cues at universities increase the social class achievement gap
Ni, H. W., Goodale, B. M., & Huo, Y. J. (2019) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09528-z · Cited by 13
Perceiving a Lack of Social Justice: Lower Class Individuals Apply Higher Moral Standards to Others
Wang, X., Chen, Z., Poon, K., & Jiang, T. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619898558 · Cited by 11
A Carnegie plus Self-enhancement (CSE) model of organizational decision making under ambiguity
Audia, P. G., & Brion, S. (2023) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2023.100194 · Cited by 12
Trust and needles: how perceptions of inequality shape vaccination in South Korea
Han, S. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03858-w · Cited by 8
Public attitudes and the socio-political divide surrounding onshore wind power in Norway
Kraft, P., & Kraft, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Energy Policy · doi:10.3389/fsuep.2025.1538828 · Cited by 8
Tang, B., Tang, Y., & Fang, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1631240 · Cited by 8
The strongman phenomenon: unpacking the role of subjective class
Han, S. (2025) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2025.2539500 · Cited by 8
Social status affects how third parties assess unfairly shared losses and unfairly shared gains
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Li, L., Tian, T., Li, J., DiFabrizio, B., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12764 · Cited by 8
Kim, Y., Jung, J., & Na, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268286 · Cited by 9
Loignon, A. C., Johnson, M. A., Veestraeten, M., & Boyd, T. L. (2022) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011221117724 · Cited by 14
Han, E. J., Choi, J. S., & Na, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104477 · Cited by 10
The Profiles, Predictors, and Intergroup Outcomes of Cultural Attachment
Liu, Y., Hou, Y., & Hong, Y. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231190753 · Cited by 12
Perceived Control in the Social Context
Xu-Cheng, G. U. O., & Yong-Yu, G. U. O. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.01860 · Cited by 8
Team emotion diversity and performance: The moderating role of social class homogeneity.
Li, J., Li, A., Chattopadhyay, P., George, E., & Gupta, V. (2018) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000083 · Cited by 8
Social Class, Sex, and the Ability to Recognize Emotions: The Main Effect is in the Interaction
Brener, S. A., Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231159775 · Cited by 10
The effects of scarcity mindset on envy: the mediating role of the sense of control
Ren, M., Zou, S., Zhu, S., Shi, M., Li, W., & Ding, D. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04872-y · Cited by 10
Social Cognition in Real Worlds: Cultural Psychology and Social Cognition
Morling, B., & Masuda, T. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n22 · Cited by 8
Judgments of Interpersonal Warmth Predict Class Differences in Political Candidate Support
Tan, J. J. X., & Kraus, M. W. (2018) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.106 · Cited by 9
Self-citationShin, J.-E., Suh, E. M., & Jang, D. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.014 · Cited by 8
Poverty and PsychologyPreprint
Владимировна, П. О., Efremova, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2699103 · Cited by 10
Jachimowicz, J., Frey, E., Matz, S., Jeronimus, B. F., & Galinsky, A. D. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m9k2f · Cited by 8
Li, W., Wei, Z., Wu, J., Song, R., Liu, J., & Cui, F. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf015 · Cited by 7
Causal attributions of poverty: a social stratification analysis
Marquis, L., Kuhn, U., & Tillmann, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1591235 · Cited by 7
Zhang, T., Shao, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, Q., Yuan, T., & Yu, X. (2025) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.70020 · Cited by 7
Han, X., Ren, M., Wu, Z., Zhang, X., & Ding, D. (2023) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2023.2290514 · Cited by 7
Perception of Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analysis of Manipulations
Tan, J. J. X., & Tai, A. Y. E. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241305506 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 992-1004
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2106125319
- Cited by
- 956
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 60.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- social class, subjective socioeconomic status, sense of personal control, contextual explanations, social explanation, economic trends, emotions, self-serving bias, political ideology
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Emotions, Ethnicity, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Judgment, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Social Class, Social Environment, Social Perception, Students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
