Cited by 960Social and Intergroup PsychologySocial Power and Status DynamicsPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Social class, sense of control, and social explanation.

Kraus, Michael W., Piff, Paul K., Keltner, Dacher·2009·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Lower social class is associated with diminished resources and perceived subordinate rank. On the basis of this analysis, the authors predicted that social class would be closely associated with a reduced sense of personal control and that this association would explain why lower class individuals favor contextual over dispositional explanations of social events. Across 4 studies, lower social class individuals, as measured by subjective socioeconomic status (SES), endorsed contextual explanations of economic trends, broad social outcomes, and emotion. Across studies, the sense of control mediated the relation between subjective SES and contextual explanations, and this association was independent of objective SES, ethnicity, political ideology, and self-serving biases. Finally, experimentally inducing a higher sense of control attenuated the tendency for lower subjective SES individuals to make more contextual explanations (Study 4). Implications for future research on social class as well as theoretical distinctions between objective SES and subjective SES are discussed.

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Boredom as Cognitive Allostasis
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The Injustice of Boredom
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The Meaning of “Boredom”
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Conclusion
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Introduction
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Dedication
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The Sociology of Boredom
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Boredom and the Good Life
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Preface
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About the Cover
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Animal Boredom
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The Birth of Boredom
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The Character of Boredom
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Varieties of Boredom
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Authors: Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Kraus, Michael W.
Piff, Paul K.
Keltner, Dacher
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 97
Issue: 6
Pages: 992-1004
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/a0016357
OpenAlex: W2106125319
Cited by: 956
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 60.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: social class, subjective socioeconomic status, sense of personal control, contextual explanations, social explanation, economic trends, emotions, self-serving bias, political ideology
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Emotions, Ethnicity, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Judgment, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Social Class, Social Environment, Social Perception, Students

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