The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy
Abstract
Empirical evidence supports the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy. Effect sizes for psychodynamic therapy are as large as those reported for other therapies that have been actively promoted as "empirically supported" and "evidence based." In addition, patients who receive psychodynamic therapy maintain therapeutic gains and appear to continue to improve after treatment ends. Finally, nonpsychodynamic therapies may be effective in part because the more skilled practitioners utilize techniques that have long been central to psychodynamic theory and practice. The perception that psychodynamic approaches lack empirical support does not accord with available scientific evidence and may reflect selective dissemination of research findings.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This phenomenon, known as the “sleeper effect,” implies that psychoanalytic therapy initiates ongoing processes of change that continue to evolve even after therapy has ended (121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Its effect sizes range from 0.78 to 1.46, comparable to or even exceeding those of other evidence-based treatments (120, 121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Research suggests that the benefits of psychoanalytic therapy not only endure, but its effect size may actually increase over time, reaching up to 1.51 at long-term follow-up (120, 121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,001
Psychodynamic Factor as Predictor of Outcome in the Treatment of a Psychosomatic Spectrum Patient
Laskoski, P. B., Hauck, S., Orsucci, F. F., Giuliani, A., Serralta, F. B., & de Felice, G. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-020-09486-0 · Cited by 1
The LAC Study: Chronic Depression and Relationship to Childhood Trauma
Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68932-2_7 · Cited by 1
Was ist »das Unbewusste« und wo ist es im Gehirn lokalisiert?
Solms, M. (2021) · Kinderanalyse · doi:10.21706/ka-29-3-201 · Cited by 1
Yakushko, O. F. (2021) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2021.1983405 · Cited by 1
List od dziadka – analiza jakościowa odpowiedzi na przesłanie mądrościowe seniorów
Drężek, P., & Dryll, E. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487461.rozdzial06 · Cited by 1
Metaforyczne charakterystyki mądrości
Dryll, E. M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487461.rozdzial07 · Cited by 1
Kuchuck, S. (2016) · Psychoanalytic Perspectives · doi:10.1080/1551806x.2016.1228903 · Cited by 1
Salvo, G. D., Bianco, M., Teobaldi, E., Maina, G., & Rosso, G. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58101335 · Cited by 1
Potier, R. (2022) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2022.09.001 · Cited by 1
Dispositif MonPsy : parcours inclusif et déqualification des psychologues
Raoult, P.-A. (2022) · Le Journal des psychologues · doi:10.3917/jdp.401.0013 · Cited by 1
Calderón, A., Storeide, K. A. H., Elvejord, C., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Ulberg, R., & Dahl, H. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416939 · Cited by 1
Using the Manga/anime Naruto as Graphic Medicine to Engage Clients in Conversational Model Therapy
Halovic, S. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia · doi:10.59158/001c.71095 · Cited by 2
‘Burger, Chips and a Side Order of Depression to Go Please’
Marsh, G. (2023) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/bjp.12847 · Cited by 1
Narrative fallacy and other limitations of psychodynamic case formulation.
Tolchinsky, A. (2023) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000231 · Cited by 1
CBT Meets Process: Assimilative Integration with Reference to Group Psychotherapy
Greene, L. R. (2024) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2024.2323613 · Cited by 1
Attachment, defense mechanisms and early maladaptive schemas in dreams
Nadeau, L., Laverdière, O., Simard, V., & Beaulieu‐Tremblay, T. (2024) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2024.100986 · Cited by 1
The case against routine outcome monitoring
Zuccala, M. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2347648 · Cited by 1
Psychoanalysis and the Experience of Homelessness
Luepnitz, D. A., & Debiak, D. M. (2024) · The Psychoanalytic Review · doi:10.1521/prev.2024.111.2.135 · Cited by 1
Янышева, В. А., Донцов, Д. А., Кольчугина, З. А., & Янышев, И. К. (2023) · Человеческий капитал. · doi:10.25629/hc.2023.11.26 · Cited by 1
LLM-Based Empathetic Response Through Psychologist-Agent Debate
Wu, Y., Feng, S., Ming, W., Wang, D., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7232-2_14 · Cited by 3
Psychoanalysis and the Re-enchantment of Psychiatry
Aftab, A., & Shedler, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/med/9780192870322.003.0023 · Cited by 1
Matters of the Mind: A Look Into the Life of Sigmund Freud
Mistry, L. N., Neelkanthan, S., Deshpande, S., Jawdekar, A. M., Shah, P. P., & Khachane, N. A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.71562 · Cited by 6
Intervención psicológica breve para prevenir la depresión posparto: un estudio piloto
Valverde, N., Gómez-Gutiérrez, M., Legarra, L., & Mollejo, E. (2024) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2024a16 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Tzioumaki, N., Arvanitaki, E., & Xirakia, E. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5072-1.ch010 · Cited by 1
Psychopathology through the Eyes of Faith: Integrative Reflections for the Classroom and Beyond
Butman, R. E., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711404200208 · Cited by 1
Religiosität und Spiritualität in den psychotherapeutischen Schulen
Utsch, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02523-5_7 · Cited by 1
Formale Veränderungstheorien in der Gruppenpsychotherapie: Eine Übersicht
Strauss, B. M., & Mattke, D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03497-8_9 · Cited by 1
Common Factors of Psychoanalytic Theory and Exposure Therapy for Treating Select Anxiety Disorders
Nicholas, P. (2010) · Cited by 1
Powell, B. J. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7571943 · Cited by 1
A Modern Behavioral Treatment to Address Fetishism and Associated Functional Impairment
Sarver, N. W., & Gros, D. (2014) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650113512020 · Cited by 2
Hoffmann, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_41-1 · Cited by 1
The Renewal of Humanism in Psychotherapy
Schneider, K. J., & Längle, A. (2014) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483387864.n26 · Cited by 1
McMahon, A. (2016) · Cited by 1
Guénoun, T. (2017) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2017.04.004 · Cited by 1
Empirical Examples: Language, Mental Health, and Therapeutic Approaches
O’Reilly, M. J., & Lester, J. N. (2017) · The Language of Mental Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60095-6_9 · Cited by 1
The Experimental School in Bonneuil-sur-Marne…with Commentary from a North American Context
Vanier, C., & Malone, K. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01794 · Cited by 1
Bernardi, R. (2015) · The International Journal of Psychoanalysis (en español) · doi:10.1080/2057410x.2015.1363553
Effects of Group Psychotherapy in College Students: A Six and Twelve Month Evaluation Comparison
Mejías, J. A., Jurado, M. M., Tafoya, S. A., & Beltrán, L. (2018) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20180701.14 · Cited by 1
I, Me, You & Us: can a psychodynamic model provide a relational perspective on psychosis?
Stephenson, J. (2018) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2018.1487464 · Cited by 1
Complex in memory, mind in matter: walking hand in hand
Caetano, A. A. M., & Machado, T. C. (2018) · Journal of Analytical Psychology · doi:10.1111/1468-5922.12431 · Cited by 1
Concepts of Empirical and Clinical Research in Psychoanalysis and Neuropsychoanalysis
Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75112-2_28 · Cited by 1
Solms, M. (2018) · In Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.inan.2018.09.004 · Cited by 1
Not just anything goes: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy competencies in psychology doctoral programs.
Poston, J. M., & Bland, E. D. (2019) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/pap0000209 · Cited by 1
Bonalume, L. (2019) · RICERCA PSICOANALITICA · doi:10.3280/rpr2019-001007 · Cited by 1
Diagnosi in transizione: l'influenza della personalità del terapeuta
Muzi, L., & Lingiardi, V. (2019) · RICERCA PSICOANALITICA · doi:10.3280/rpr2019-001006 · Cited by 1
Puskás, D. (2013) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1061597ar · Cited by 1
Davidsen, A. S., Overbeck, G., & Kousgaard, M. B. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12270 · Cited by 1
Fiorini, G., Gastaud, M. B., & Ramires, V. R. R. (2019) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2019.3.30464 · Cited by 1
RÉGULATION ÉMOTIONNELLE ET ALEXITHYMIE : DES PRÉCURSEURS DES CONDUITES ALIMENTAIRES À RISQUE
Pugliese, J., Lecours, S., & Boucher, M. (2019) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1065911ar · Cited by 1
You Still Do That? Training Residents to Use Psychodynamic Theory
Welton, R. S., Cowan, A., & Ferrari, R. (2020) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-020-01236-7 · Cited by 1
Was macht die Tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Psychotherapie so attraktiv?
Reininger, K. M., & Krott, N. R. (2020) · PDP – Psychodynamische Psychotherapie · doi:10.21706/pdp-19-2-201 · Cited by 1
García-Bardón, V. D. F., Vázquez, E., & Vílchez, F. (2020) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2020a10 · Cited by 1
Ethical Processes in Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Drozek, R. P. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817338.013.44 · Cited by 1
Treatment Approaches to Trauma for Those Convicted of Sexual Crime: Interventions Globally
Jones, L. F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49068-3_1 · Cited by 1
Fairness, Justice, and Economical Thinking in Psychotherapy
Herschkopf, M. D., & Brendel, R. W. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817338.013.11 · Cited by 1
Psychodynamic Coaching and Transference
Passmore, J., & Sinclair, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53161-4_21 · Cited by 1
Lim, W. P., Lim, Y. H., Lim, I., & Chew, N. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2020.1861041 · Cited by 1
Histories, Traumas, and Emotional Foreclosure from Manhattan to Dublin and Back
Miller, I. S. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1057/s11231-021-09282-2 · Cited by 1
Las psicoterapias y la clínica grupal: ejes centrales en los programas de formación y asistenciales
Esteban, R. G. (2021) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1
Villela, R. M., & Lazar, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000529 · Cited by 1
Jalley, É. (2021) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1
Enduring the chaos. Psychoanalytical psychotherapy in Poland
Dembińska-Krajewska, D., Prot-Klinger, K., Kalita, L., & Groth, J. (2021) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2021.1901134 · Cited by 1
Le désoeuvrement du thérapeute et la suprématie du connaître en psychothérapie
Dauphin, J. (2020) · Filigrane Écoutes psychothérapiques · doi:10.7202/1077172ar · Cited by 1
Alizadeh, K. H., Alizadeh, K. H., Zarei, E., & Dortāj, F. (2021) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.19.1.139 · Cited by 1
Ricerca clinica e ricerca empirica
Fava, E. D. (2021) · RICERCA PSICOANALITICA · doi:10.4081/rp.2021.309 · Cited by 1
Fatores Associados à Adesão à Psicoterapia Psicanalítica: um estudo qualitativo
Lauermann, F., & Serralta, F. B. (2021) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2021.142.03 · Cited by 1
Unwin, G., Deb, S. S., & Rose, J. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_45 · Cited by 1
Bacque, M. (2019) · Éditions Sciences Humaines eBooks · doi:10.3917/sh.marmi.2019.01.0189 · Cited by 1
Bhardwaj, J. (2022) · VEETHIKA-An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal · doi:10.48001/veethika.2022.08.01.005 · Cited by 1
Unconscious Emotions in Media Content
Chang, H.-M., Ivonin, L., & Matthias Rauterberg, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-50-4_41 · Cited by 1
Abandono de psicoterapia psicanalítica por adolescentes: uma revisão narrativa
Essarts, G. F. D., Brenner, E. B., Ffner, G. D., & Ramires, V. R. R. (2022) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e200176 · Cited by 1
Becoming a researcher: psychotherapists’ experience of starting a professional doctorate
Kegerreis, S., Wright, D. L. S., Hall, S., Horne, M., Langley, J., Norris, J., Quaile, E., & Shemesh, R. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2023.2219719 · Cited by 1
Psychoanalysis and evidence-based practice in mental health
Leite, M. C., & Couto, R. (2023) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2023.14.00741 · Cited by 1
Herbal Supplements as Placebos
Jones, V. V. (2011) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2011.13.6.ccas3-1106 · Cited by 1
An Introduction to Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy
Shedler, J. (2010) · Cited by 1
Psychodynamic Therapy of Anxiety Disorders
Leichsenring, F., Klein, S., & Salzer, S. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch42 · Cited by 1
Green, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch40 · Cited by 1
Indications for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Cabaniss, D., Cherry, S. T., Douglas, C. J., & Schwartz, A. R. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470711262.ch6
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Long Term and Short Term
Messer, S. B. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp260 · Cited by 1
Estudo de fatores psicodinâmicos e neurobiológicos em psicoterapia psicodinâmica
Schaf, D. V. (2011) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1
Richard F. Summers and Jacques P. Barber: Psychodynamic Therapy: A Guide to Evidenced-Based Practice
Goodman, D., & Fowler, J. (2011) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-011-0364-z · Cited by 1
Manual of panic focused psychodynamic psychotherapy – eXtended range
Stadter, M. (2013) · Psychodynamic Practice · doi:10.1080/14753634.2014.868154 · Cited by 1
Shapiro, T. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065111408086 · Cited by 1
Mood and Global Symptom Changes among Psychotherapy Clients with Depressive Personality
Maddux, R., & Lundh, L. (2012) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/208435 · Cited by 1
Litschi, E., & Elizabeth, A. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Possibilities and challenges of psychodynamic therapy in a South African community setting
Oosthuysen, A. (2015) · Cited by 1
Brooker, M. E. (2015) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Social Work and Psychodynamic Thought
Brandell, J. R., & George, L. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.28117-8 · Cited by 1
General Principles of Psychotherapy
Simon, A. B., & Brus, M. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118654231.ch8 · Cited by 1
Morris, R. J., Thompson, K. C., & Morris, Y. P. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop208019 · Cited by 1
Dewan, M. J., Steenbarger, B. N., & Greenberg, R. P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch89 · Cited by 1
Kershaw, G. S. (2020) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) · Cited by 1
(2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118099254.refs · Cited by 1
A clinical guide to psychodynamic psychotherapy
Fleming, R. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2021.2018481 · Cited by 1
Psicanálise Funciona? Avaliando a Prova Cabal de Christian DunkerPreprint
Ferreira, C. D. M. C., de Andrade, V. D., Pereira, T. M., Rodrigues, J. P. P., de Oliveira, V. F., Peixoto, C. B., & Fretta, G. C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aevt7 · Cited by 1
Rudolf, G., & Rüger, U. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29897-4_4 · Cited by 1
Knoll, J. L. (2015) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0041 · Cited by 1
Freedheim, D. K., DiFilippo, J. M., & Klostermann, S. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00033-1 · Cited by 1
Recognition of user information behavior through music-related information searching patterns
Lugović, S. (2022) · doi:10.17234/diss.2022.7908 · Cited by 1
Psychotherapeutic treatments for depression in older adults
Ang, L., Lee, M. S., Song, E., Lee, H. W., Cao, L., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Jung, J., Jang, S., Gastaldon, C., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015976
Metadata
- Authors
- Shedler, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shedler, Jonathan
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 98-109
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2133566473
- Cited by
- 1,452
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 116.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- psychodynamic psychotherapy, treatment efficacy, effect size, empirically supported treatments, evidence-based practice, research dissemination
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Physician-Patient Relations, Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review