Cited by 1,452Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

Shedler, Jonathan·2010·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/a0018378

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Empirical evidence supports the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy. Effect sizes for psychodynamic therapy are as large as those reported for other therapies that have been actively promoted as "empirically supported" and "evidence based." In addition, patients who receive psychodynamic therapy maintain therapeutic gains and appear to continue to improve after treatment ends. Finally, nonpsychodynamic therapies may be effective in part because the more skilled practitioners utilize techniques that have long been central to psychodynamic theory and practice. The perception that psychodynamic approaches lack empirical support does not accord with available scientific evidence and may reflect selective dissemination of research findings.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0018378

Cites

133 of 133 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
A rating scale for depression
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Untitled work
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998
Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984) · Cited by 3,925
Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Lambert, M. J. (2003) · Cited by 3,383
Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432 · Cited by 2,504
Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy
Turner, E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa065779 · Cited by 2,435
National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: General Effectiveness of Treatments
Elkin, I. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110013002 · Cited by 2,300
The benefits of psychotherapy
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,123
Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence
Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685 · Cited by 2,097
The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis.
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports study.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.12.965 · Cited by 1,626
Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome.
Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357 · Cited by 1,621
Update on empirically validated therapies, II: (619622010-001)
Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Daiuto, A., DeRubeis, R., Detweiler, J., Haaga, D. A. F., et al. (1997) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e619622010-001 · Cited by 1,488
Comparative Studies of Psychotherapies: Is It True That "Everyone Has Won and All Must Have Prizes"?
Luborsky, L. (1975) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760260059004 · Cited by 1,485 · cited 1×
“After reviewing the psychotherapy outcome literatures of the time, Rosenzweig (1936), and subsequently Luborsky, Singer, and Luborsky (1975), reached the conclusion of the Dodo bird in Alice in Wonderland: “Everybody has won, and all must have prizes.””
Method
Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues.
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., Eisman, E. J., Kubiszyn, T. W., & Reed, G. M. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.2.128 · Cited by 1,469
What Works for Whom?: A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research
Roth, A. D., & Fonagy, P. (1996) · Cited by 1,382
The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy.
Horvath, A. O., & Luborsky, L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.4.561 · Cited by 1,331
Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry.
Shedler, J., & Block, J. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.5.612 · Cited by 1,265
The Empirical Status of Empirically Supported Psychotherapies: Assumptions, Findings, and Reporting in Controlled Clinical Trials.
Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.631 · Cited by 1,212
Psychotherapy relationships that work : therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients
Norcross, J. C. (2002) · Cited by 1,197
Behavioral activation treatments of depression: a meta-analysis.
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Warmerdam, L. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.11.001 · Cited by 1,144
Evidence-based treatment and practice: new opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care
Kazdin, A. E. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.3.146 · Cited by 1,112
The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis, Volume 1
Greenson, R. R. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,086
Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies.
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013075 · Cited by 1,050 · cited 1×
“For example, studies that have directly compared CBT with short-term psychodynamic therapy for depression have failed to show greater efficacy for CBT over psychodynamic therapy or vice versa (Cuijpers et al., 2008; Leichsenring, 2001).”
Background
Some implicit common factors in diverse methods of psychotherapy.
Rosenzweig, S. (1936) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1936.tb05248.x · Cited by 1,042
Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments.
Hedges, L. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.490 · Cited by 1,030
Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study
Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.922 · Cited by 997
8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040636 · Cited by 894
Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder.
Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1027 · Cited by 820
Personality and psychopathology
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00024.x · Cited by 816
A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depressed patients
Gloaguen, V., Cottraux, J., Cucherat, M., & Blackburn, I.-M. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00199-7 · Cited by 809
Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis
Freud, S. (1915) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 776
Prevention of Relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression.
Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., Amsterdam, J. D., Salomon, R. M., O’Reardon, J. P., Lovett, M. L., Young, P. R., Haman, K. L., Freeman, B. B., et al. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.417 · Cited by 735
Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta- analysis
Öst, L.-G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005 · Cited by 727
Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: A study of unique and common factors.
Castonguay, L. G., Goldfried, M. R., Wiser, S. L., Raue, P. J., & Hayes, A. M. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.497 · Cited by 713
Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of controlled outcome research.
Robinson, L. A., Berman, J., & Neimeyer, R. (1990) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.30 · Cited by 691
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 684
Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 615
The researcher's own therapy allegiances: A "wild card" in comparisons of treatment efficacy.
Luborsky, L., Diguer, L., Seligman, D. A., Rosenthal, R., Krause, E. D., Johnson, S., Halperin, G., Bishop, M., Berman, J. S., & Schweizer, E. (1999) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.6.1.95 · Cited by 572
Evidence-based practices in mental health: Debate and dialogue on the fundamental questions.
(2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11265-000 · Cited by 563
The Efficacy of Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in SpecificPsychiatric Disorders
Leichsenring, F., Rabung, S., & Leibing, E. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.12.1208 · Cited by 556
The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis.
Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223 · Cited by 546
A multi-dimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies
Weslen, D., & Morrison, K. M. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e323162004-001 · Cited by 511
The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression.
Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1994) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x · Cited by 501
Effects of treatment duration and severity of depression on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy
Shapiro, D. A., Barkham, M., Rees, A., Hardy, G. E., Reynolds, S., & Startup, M. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.3.522 · Cited by 485
Revising and Assessing Axis II, Part I: Developing a Clinically and Empirically Valid Assessment Method
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.2.258 · Cited by 484
Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process
McWilliams, N. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 481
Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: Singly and in Combination
Hollon, S. D. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100018004 · Cited by 481
The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.
Westen, D. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.333 · Cited by 448
Revising and Assessing Axis II, Part II: Toward an Empirically Based and Clinically Useful Classification of Personality Disorders
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.2.273 · Cited by 412
The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis update
Driessen, E., Hegelmaier, L. M., Abbass, A. A., Barber, J. P., Dekker, J. J. M., Van, H. L., Jansma, E. P., & Cuijpers, P. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.004 · Cited by 409
Determinants of change in cognitive therapy for depression
DeRubeis, R. J., & Feeley, M. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172968 · Cited by 401
A systematic review of controlled trials of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of brief psychological treatments for depression
Churchill, R., Hunot, V., Corney, R., Knapp, M., McGuire, H., Tylee, A., & Wessely, S. (2002) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta5350 · Cited by 368
Distinctive Features of Short-Term Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Review of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Literature
Blagys, M. D., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.2.167 · Cited by 355
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders
Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., de Maat, S. C. M., Gerber, A. J., Dekker, J., Rabung, S., Rusalovs'ka, S., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004687.pub4 · Cited by 351
The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression.
Feeley, M., DeRubeis, R. J., & Gelfand, L. A. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.4.578 · Cited by 349
Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression
Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S., & Hardy, R. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003012.pub2 · Cited by 342
A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder
Milrod, B., Leon, A. C., Busch, F., Rudden, M., Schwalberg, M., Clarkin, J., Aronson, A., Singer, M., Turchin, W., Klass, E. T., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.265 · Cited by 323
Are results of randomized controlled trials useful to psychotherapists?
Persons, J. B., & Silberschatz, G. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.126 · Cited by 320
How Expert Clinicians' Prototypes of an Ideal Treatment Correlate with Outcome in Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Ablon, J. S., & Jones, E. (1998) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/8.1.71 · Cited by 305
A meta-(re) analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy versus ‘other therapies’ for depression
Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Baskin, T. W., & Callen Tierney, S. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00287-1 · Cited by 305
Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Jones, E. E., & Pulos, S. M. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.2.306 · Cited by 301
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
Gordon, R. M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0722 · Cited by 294
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 284
Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression
Leichsenring, F. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00057-4 · Cited by 281
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders
Abbass, A., Kisely, S., & Kroenke, K. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000228247 · Cited by 280
Validity of Controlled Clinical Trials of Psychotherapy: Findings From the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program
Ablon, J. S., & Jones, E. E. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.775 · Cited by 280
Psychotherapy practice and research: Repairing a strained alliance.
Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.10.1007 · Cited by 271
Therapie der Depressionen
Pöldinger, W. (2008) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1069737 · Cited by 267
Therapist Affect Focus and Patient Outcomes in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis
Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Weinberger, J. L. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.936 · Cited by 238
Limitations of Axis II in Diagnosing Personality Pathology in Clinical Practice
Westen, D., & Arkowitz-Westen, L. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.12.1767 · Cited by 228
Therapeutic Action: A Guide to Psychoanalytic Therapy
Jones, E. E. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 227
The Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Making Personality Diagnosis Clinically Meaningful
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701357092 · Cited by 227
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: A Practitioner's Guide
McWilliams, N. (2004) · Cited by 225
Psychotherapy outcome studies do not accurately represent current models of psychotherapy: A proposed remedy.
Persons, J. B. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.46.2.99 · Cited by 224
Distinctive activities of cognitive–behavioral therapy
Blagys, M. D., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00117-9 · Cited by 222
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression, Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Regression of Factors that May Predict Outcome
Haby, M. M., Donnelly, M., Corry, J., & Vos, T. (2006) · Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print) · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01736.x · Cited by 220
Some problems associated with "validated" forms of psychotherapy.
Garfield, S. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00073.x · Cited by 220
Transference interpretations in dynamic psychotherapy: do they really yield sustained effects?
Høglend, P., Bøgwald, K., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Ulberg, R., Sjaastad, M., Sørbye, O., Heyerdahl, O., & Johansson, P. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07061028 · Cited by 218
Effects of therapist adherence and competence on patient outcome in brief dynamic therapy.
Barber, J. P., Crits-Christoph, P. F., & Luborsky, L. B. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.3.619 · Cited by 217
Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective? A review of empirical data
Leichsenring, F. (2005) · The International Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1516/rfee-lkpn-b7tf-kpdu · Cited by 217
Psychotherapy practice and research: Repairing a strained relationship.
Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.10.1007 · Cited by 214
Emotional Processing During Experiential Treatment of Depression.
Pos, A. E., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N., & Korman, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1007 · Cited by 201
The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
de Maat, S., de Jonghe, F., Schoevers, R., & Dekker, J. (2009) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220902742476 · Cited by 200
Empirical evaluation of the assumptions in identifying evidence based treatments in mental health
Blatt, S. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.001 · Cited by 199
Short-term dynamically oriented psychotherapy: A review and meta-analysis
Anderson, É. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00027-m · Cited by 196
Psychoanalytic Case Formulation
McWilliams, N. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 190
A CONCERNED CRITIQUE OF PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION
Kernberg, O. F. (2000) · The International Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1516/0020757001599555 · Cited by 186
The Psychotherapist's Own Psychotherapy: Educating and Developing Psychologists.
Norcross, J. C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.8.840 · Cited by 181
Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Basic Text
Gabbard, G. O. (2004) · Cited by 163
Patients' competence in and performance of cognitive therapy skills: Relation to the reduction of relapse risk following treatment for depression
Strunk, D. R., DeRubeis, R. J., Chiu, A. W., & Alvarez, J. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.4.523 · Cited by 159
Alliance, Technique, and Their Interactions in Predicting Outcome of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Brief Dynamic Therapy
Gaston, L., Thompson, L. W., Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., Cournoyer, L., & Gagnon, R. (1998) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/8.2.190 · Cited by 149
Outcomes of time-limited psychotherapy in applied settings: Replicating the Second Sheffield Psychotherapy Project.
Barkham, M., Rees, A., Shapiro, D. A., Stiles, W. B., Agnew, R. M., Halstead, J. E., Culverwell, A., & Harrington, V. M. G. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.1079 · Cited by 143
Personality diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Integrating clinical and statistical measurement and prediction.
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.4.810 · Cited by 135
Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 127
Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression (Review)
Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S. C., & Hardy, R. (2004) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 125
Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: A meta-analysis
de Maat, S. C. M., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R. A., & de Jonghe, F. E. R. E. R. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300600756402 · Cited by 123
Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 123
The impending death of psychoanalysis.
Bornstein, R. F. (2001) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.18.1.2 · Cited by 116
SHORT-TERM PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR DEPRESSION: AN EXAMINATION OF STATISTICAL, CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT, AND TECHNIQUE-SPECIFIC CHANGE
Hilsenroth, M. J., ACKERMAN, S. J., Blagys, M. D., Baity, M. R., & Mooney, M. A. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000071582.11781.67 · Cited by 104
Effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy.
Hayes, A. M., Castonguay, L. G., & Goldfried, M. R. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.623 · Cited by 102
Psychodynamic Measures of Therapeutic Change
Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2003) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351692309349034 · Cited by 95
Assessing Personality Change in Psychotherapy With the SWAP–200: A Case Study
Lingiardi, V., Shedler, J., & Gazzillo, F. (2006) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8601_04 · Cited by 70
Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Meta-analysis
Leichsenring, F. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.13.1551 · Cited by 65 · cited 4×
“A meta-analysis reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008) compared longterm psychodynamic therapy (" 1 year or 50 sessions) with shorter term therapies for the treatment of complex mental disorders (defined as multiple or chronic mental disorders, or personality disorder…”
BackgroundInfluential
Back to the Future: Personality Structure as a Context for Psychopathology.
Westen, D., Gabbard, G. O., & Blagov, P. S. (2006) · Cited by 60
The Verdict on Freud
Crews, F. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00331.x · Cited by 56
Therapist Variables That Predict Symptom Change in Psychotherapy With Chronically Depressed Outpatients.
Vocisano, C., Klein, D. N., Arnow, B. A., Rivera, C., Blalock, J. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Vivian, D., Markowitz, J. C., Kocsis, J. H., Manber, R., et al. (2004) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.3.255 · Cited by 56
EBP ≠ EST: Reply to Crits-Christoph et al. (2005) and Weisz et al. (2005).
Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson‐Brenner, H. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.3.427 · Cited by 54
The centrality of emotion to psychological change.
Burum, B., & Goldfried, M. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00100.x · Cited by 46
Psychoanalytic books--reviews and discussions: Enrico Jones (2000). Therapeutic action: A guide to psychoanalytic therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson
Auerbach, J. S. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e302372005-015 · Cited by 38
Clinician reports of personality pathology of patients beginning and patients ending psychoanalysis
Cogan, R., & Porcerelli, J. H. (2005) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608305x28727 · Cited by 30
Treatment of depression with antidepressants is primarily a psychological treatment.
Ankarberg, P., & Falkenström, F. (2008) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0013309 · Cited by 26
Evidence-based treatment of personality dysfunction: Principles, methods, and processes.
(2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12130-000 · Cited by 25
Analyzing Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy—Reply
Leichsenring, F. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.181 · Cited by 25
Patients' attitudes toward behavior therapy and psychotherapy
Sloane, B., Staples, F. R., Whipple, K. Z. W., & Cristol, A. H. (1977) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.134.2.134 · Cited by 25
Access To Psychoanalytic Ideas in American Undergraduate Institutions
Redmond, J. D., & Shulman, M. E. (2008) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065108318639 · Cited by 20
The psychiatrist his training and development : report
Whitehorn, J. C. (1953) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19
Psychoanalysis in the undergraduate curriculum: The treatment of psychoanalytic theory in abnormal psychology texts.
Bornstein, R. F. (1988) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0085122 · Cited by 18
Validating and demystifying subliminal psychodynamic activation.
Weinberger, J. L. (1992) · Cited by 17
Evidence-based psychodynamic therapy with personality disorders.
Messer, S. B., & Abbass, A. A. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12130-004 · Cited by 17
A Tumbling Ground for Whimsies?
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1999) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/002064 · Cited by 15
Analyzing effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Thombs, B., Bassel, M., & Jewett, L. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.177 · Cited by 14

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Lifestyle and mental health.
WALSH, R. N. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0021769 · Cited by 763
Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000041 · Cited by 611
An overview of and recommendations for more accessible digital mental health services
Lattie, E. G., Stiles-Shields, C., & Graham, A. K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00003-1 · Cited by 446
Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance
Koole, S. L., & Tschacher, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00862 · Cited by 456
“The alliance has remained a major focus in contemporary psychoanalytic approaches, which regard the patient-therapist relationship as a bond that can become deeply meaningful and highly emotionally charged for the patient (Shedler, 2010).”
Background
Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.
Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0034332 · Cited by 443

See all 1,452

Authors: Shedler, J.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Corresponding author: Shedler, Jonathan
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 65
Issue: 2
Pages: 98-109
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/a0018378
OpenAlex: W2133566473
Cited by: 1,452
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 66 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 91
FWCI: 116.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: psychodynamic psychotherapy, treatment efficacy, effect size, empirically supported treatments, evidence-based practice, research dissemination
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Humans, Physician-Patient Relations, Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks