Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.

Storm, Lance; Tressoldi, Patrizio E.; Di Risio, Lorenzo

doi:10.1037/a0019457

Cited by 142Paranormal Experiences and BeliefsReligious Studies and Spiritual PracticesPain Management and Placebo Effect

Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.

Storm, Lance, Tressoldi, Patrizio E., Di Risio, Lorenzo·2010·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0019457

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Abstract

We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as "psi"); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997-2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 x 10(-8)). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 x 10(-4)), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of -0.029 (Stouffer Z = -2.29, p = .989). The mean effect size value of the ganzfeld database was significantly higher than the mean effect size of the standard free-response database but was not higher than the effect size of the nonganzfeld noise reduction database [corrected].We also found that selected participants (believers in the paranormal, meditators, etc.) had a performance advantage over unselected participants, but only if they were in the ganzfeld condition.

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Storm et al. (2010) found no significant effect-size difference between the three modalities: telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.
“Storm et al. (2010) found no significant effect-size difference between the three modalities (telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition)”
From On the correspondence between dream content and target material under laboratory conditions: A meta-analysis of dream-ESP studies, 1966-2016 (2017) · cites this paper as Storm et al. (2010)
Dream-ESP studies were not conducted with the same due care as the Ganzfeld studies quality-rated by the same judges (Storm et al., 2010).
“Our conclusion is that these dream-ESP studies were not conducted with the same due care as the Ganzfeld studies which were quality-rated by the same judges (Storm et al., 2010), for which”
From On the correspondence between dream content and target material under laboratory conditions: A meta-analysis of dream-ESP studies, 1966-2016 (2017) · cites this paper as Storm et al., 2010

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Authors: Storm, L., Tressoldi, P. E., & Di Risio, L.
Affiliations: The University of Adelaide (AU)
University of Padua (IT)
ORCID: Storm, Lance
Tressoldi, Patrizio E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 136
Issue: 4
Pages: 471-485
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0019457
OpenAlex: W2138759936
Cited by: 140
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 1.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-03-02)
correction (2010-08-30)
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: parapsychology, ganzfeld, noise reduction, extrasensory perception, effect size, meditation, hypnosis, supernatural beliefs
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Dreams, Humans, Hypnosis, Models, Psychological, Parapsychology, Photic Stimulation, Relaxation, Research Design, Telepathy, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Meditation

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Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.

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