Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer.
Abstract
Most academic psychologists do not yet accept the existence of psi, anomalous processes of information or energy transfer (such as telepathy or other forms of extrasensory perception) that are currently unexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms. We believe that the replication rates and effect sizes achieved by one particular experimental method, the ganzfeld procedure, are now sufficient to warrant bringing this body of data to the attention of the wider psychological community. Competing meta-analyses of the ganzfeld database are reviewed, 1 by R. Hyman (1985), a skeptical critic of psi research, and the other by C. Honorton (1985), a parapsychologist and major contributor to the ganzfeld database. Next the results of 11 new ganzfeld studies that comply with guidelines jointly authored by R. Hyman and C. Honorton (1986) are summarized. Finally, issues of replication and theoretical explanation are discussed. The term psi denotes anomalous processes of information or energy transfer, processes such as telepathy or other forms of extrasensory perception that are currently unexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms. The term is purely descriptive: It neither implies that such anomalous phenomena are paranormal nor connotes anything about their underlying mechanisms. Does psi exist? Most academic psychologists don't think so. A survey of more than 1,100 college professors in the United States found that 55% of natural scientists, 66% of social scientists (excluding psychologists), and 77% of academics in the arts, humanities, and education believed that ESP is either an established fact or a likely possibility. The comparable figure for psy
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Bem and Honorton (1994) found that the hit rate was significantly higher for dynamic than static targets (37% and 27% respectively, where MCE = 25%).
“Bem and Honorton (1994) found, as predicted, that the hit rate was significantly higher for dynamic than static targets (37% and 27% respectively, where MCE = 25%).”
From On the correspondence between dream content and target material under laboratory conditions: A meta-analysis of dream-ESP studies, 1966-2016 (2017) · cites this paper as Bem and Honorton (1994)
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Howard, G. S., Lau, M. Y., Maxwell, S. E., Venter, A., Lundy, R., & Sweeny, R. M. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015468 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Revisiting the Ganzfeld ESP Debate: A Basic Review and Assessment
Williams, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A meta-analysis with nothing to hide: Reply to Hyman (2010).
Storm, L., Tressoldi, P. E., & Risio, L. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019840 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Arguing for an Observational Theory of Paranormal Phenomena
Houtkooper, J. M. (2002) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Towards a Discursive Parapsychology
Wooffitt, R., & Allistone, S. (2005) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354305053218 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A REVIEW OF THE GANZFELD WORK AT GOTHENBURG UNIVERSITY
Parker, A. (2000) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Interpreting the Anomalous: Finding Meaning in Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences
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TESTING FOR TELEPATHY IN CONNECTION WITH E-MAILS
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The speed of thought: Investigation of a complex space-time metric to describe psychic phenomena
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First Sight: Part Two, Elaboration of a Model of Psi and the Mind
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Entertaining without endorsing: The case for the scientific investigation of anomalous cognition.
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Target and Sender Dependencies in Anomalous Cognition Experiments
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Psychoanalysis and Telepathic Processes
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- Authors
- Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-18
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2104146277
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 294
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 20.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- extrasensory perception, telepathy, replication, effect size, parapsychology, meta-analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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