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Cited by 142Paranormal Experiences and BeliefsReligious Studies and Spiritual PracticesPain Management and Placebo Effect

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology.

Storm, Lance, Tressoldi, Patrizio E., Di Risio, Lorenzo·2010·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/a0019457
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Abstract

We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as "psi"); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997-2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 x 10(-8)). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 x 10(-4)), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of -0.029 (Stouffer Z = -2.29, p = .989). The mean effect size value of the ganzfeld database was significantly higher than the mean effect size of the standard free-response database but was not higher than the effect size of the nonganzfeld noise reduction database [corrected].We also found that selected participants (believers in the paranormal, meditators, etc.) had a performance advantage over unselected participants, but only if they were in the ganzfeld condition.

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Metadata

Authors
Storm, L., Tressoldi, P. E., & Di Risio, L.
Affiliations
  • The University of Adelaide (AU)
  • University of Padua (IT)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2010-07
Volume
136
Issue
4
Pages
471-485
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/a0019457
OpenAlex
W2138759936
Cited by
140
References
86
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
FWCI
1.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords
parapsychology, ganzfeld, noise reduction, extrasensory perception, effect size, meditation, hypnosis, supernatural beliefs
MeSH terms
Acoustic Stimulation, Dreams, Humans, Hypnosis, Models, Psychological, Parapsychology, Photic Stimulation, Relaxation, Research Design, Telepathy, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Meditation

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