Cited by 4,143Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePhilosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A general approach to causal mediation analysis.

Open access

Imai, Kosuke, Keele, Luke, Tingley, Dustin·2010·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/a0020761

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Traditionally in the social sciences, causal mediation analysis has been formulated, understood, and implemented within the framework of linear structural equation models. We argue and demonstrate that this is problematic for 3 reasons: the lack of a general definition of causal mediation effects independent of a particular statistical model, the inability to specify the key identification assumption, and the difficulty of extending the framework to nonlinear models. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that overcomes these limitations. Our approach is general because it offers the definition, identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis of causal mediation effects without reference to any specific statistical model. Further, our approach explicitly links these 4 elements closely together within a single framework. As a result, the proposed framework can accommodate linear and nonlinear relationships, parametric and nonparametric models, continuous and discrete mediators, and various types of outcome variables. The general definition and identification result also allow us to develop sensitivity analysis in the context of commonly used models, which enables applied researchers to formally assess the robustness of their empirical conclusions to violations of the key assumption. We illustrate our approach by applying it to the Job Search Intervention Study. We also offer easy-to-use software that implements all our proposed methods.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0020761

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R
Wood, S. N. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9781315370279 · Cited by 13,852
Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701341316 · Cited by 9,973
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Generalized Additive Models.
Brown, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532174 · Cited by 8,263
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618
Statistics and Causal Inference
Holland, P. W. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354 · Cited by 5,293

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 65 references

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,017

When the parts are greater than the whole: how understanding mechanisms can advance implementation research
Geng, E., Powell, B. J., Goss, C. W., Lewis, C. C., Sales, A. E., & Kim, B. (2025) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-025-01427-6 · Cited by 31
Childhood maltreatment, personality disorders and 3‐year persistence of adult alcohol and nicotine dependence in a national sample
Elliott, J. C., Stohl, M., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Eaton, N. R., Shmulewitz, D., Goodwin, R. D., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13292 · Cited by 29
Causal Mediation Analysis for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model With A Smooth Baseline Hazard Estimator
Wang, W., & Albert, J. M. (2016) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.1111/rssc.12188 · Cited by 28
Network Redundancy and Information Diffusion: The Impacts of Information Redundancy, Similarity, and Tie Strength
Liang, H., & Fu, K. (2016) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650216682900 · Cited by 28
Sensitivity Analysis of the No-Omitted Confounder Assumption in Latent Growth Curve Mediation Models
Tofighi, D., Hsiao, Y., Kruger, E. S., MacKinnon, D. P., Horn, M. L. V., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2018) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2018.1506925 · Cited by 28
Exact parametric causal mediation analysis for a binary outcome with a binary mediator
Doretti, M., Raggi, M., & Stanghellini, E. (2021) · Statistical Methods & Applications · doi:10.1007/s10260-021-00562-w · Cited by 26
Predispositions Matter…But How? Ideology as a Mediator of Personality’s Effects on EU Support in Five Countries
Curtis, K. A., & Nielsen, J. H. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12546 · Cited by 27
Direction Dependence Analysis in the Presence of Confounders: Applications to Linear Mediation Models Using Observational Data
Wiedermann, W., & Sebastian, J. L. (2019) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2018.1528542 · Cited by 30
Explaining participation in Earth Hour: the identity perspective and the theory of planned behavior
Chan, H., Pong, V., & Tam, K. (2019) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02554-y · Cited by 31
Noncommunicable Diseases, Park Prescriptions, and Urban Green Space Use Patterns in a Global South Context: The Case of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Labib, S. M., Shuvo, F. K., Browning, M. H. E. M., & Rigolon, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113900 · Cited by 30
Menopausal hormone therapy prior to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer is associated with improved survival
Brieger, K. K., Peterson, S., Lee, A. W., Mukherjee, B., Bakulski, K. M., Alimujiang, A., Anton‐Culver, H., Anglesio, M. S., Bandera, E. V., Berchuck, A., et al. (2020) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.06.481 · Cited by 28
Multiply Robust Estimation of Causal Effects under Principal Ignorability
Jiang, Z., Yang, S., & Ding, P. (2022) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/rssb.12538 · Cited by 28
Longitudinal, bidirectional relationships of insomnia symptoms and musculoskeletal pain across adolescence: the mediating role of mood
Arnison, T., Schrooten, M. G. S., Hesser, H., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., & Persson, J. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002334 · Cited by 31
Subjective social status and physical health: The role of negative affect and reappraisal
O’Leary, D., Uysal, A., Rehkopf, D. H., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114272 · Cited by 31
Relationship between anaemia, coagulation parameters during pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage at childbirth: a prospective cohort study
Nair, M., Chhabra, S. A., Choudhury, S. S., Deka, D., Deka, G., Kakoty, S. D., Kumar, P., Mahanta, P., Medhi, R., Rani, A., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050815 · Cited by 28
Plasma selenium and the risk of first stroke in adults with hypertension: a secondary analysis of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial
Wang, Z., Ma, H., Song, Y., Lin, T.-F., Liu, L., Zhou, Z., Wei, Y., Huang, X. B., Chen, P., Liu, C., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab320 · Cited by 28
Climate science or politics? Disentangling the roles of citizen beliefs and support for energy in the United States
Hawes, R., & Nowlin, M. C. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102419 · Cited by 33
Neighborhood Characteristics, Neighborhood Satisfaction, and Loneliness Differences Across Ethnic–Migrant Groups in Australia
Lam, J. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab219 · Cited by 28
Multimodal data integration via mediation analysis with high‐dimensional exposures and mediators
Zhao, Y., Li, L., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25800 · Cited by 25
High-quality and anti-inflammatory diets and a healthy lifestyle are associated with lower sleep apnea risk
Melaku, Y. A., Reynolds, A. C., Appleton, S., Sweetman, A., Shi, Z., Vakulin, A., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Eckert, D. J., & Adams, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9950 · Cited by 30
Institutional environment, development model transformation and North–South economic disparity in China
Xie, D., Bai, C., & Xiao, W. (2022) · Growth and Change · doi:10.1111/grow.12629 · Cited by 28
Attention across borders: Investor attention as a driver of cross‐border equity crowdfunding investments
Maula, M. V. J., & Lukkarinen, A. (2022) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1424 · Cited by 25
The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
Andrews-Lee, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108917353 · Cited by 32
How does late-career entrepreneurship relate to innovation?
Murmann, M., Salmivaara, V., & Kibler, E. (2023) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104763 · Cited by 28
Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure, Lung Function, and Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China
Ye, Z., Li, X., Lang, H., & Fang, Y. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad180 · Cited by 28
Synthesizing results of multiple randomized experiments to establish causality in mediation testing
Eden, D., Stone‐Romero, E. F., & Rothstein, H. R. (2015) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.02.001 · Cited by 30
A Class of Distribution-Free Models for Longitudinal Mediation Analysis
Gunzler, D. D., Tang, W., Lu, N., Wu, P., & Tu, X. M. (2013) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-013-9355-z · Cited by 27
Method for Evaluating Multiple Mediators: Mediating Effects of Smoking and COPD on the Association between the CHRNA5-A3 Variant and Lung Cancer Risk
Wang, J., Spitz, M. R., Amos, C. I., Wu, X., Wetter, D. W., Cinciripini, P. M., & Shete, S. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047705 · Cited by 29
Estimation of mediation effects for zero‐inflated regression models
Wang, W., & Albert, J. M. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5380 · Cited by 28
Using causal models to distinguish between neurogenesis-dependent and -independent effects on behaviour
Lazic, S. E. (2011) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0510 · Cited by 27
Personality disorders and suicide attempts in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders
Jylhä, P. J., Rosenström, T. H., Mantere, O., Suominen, K. H., Melartin, T. K., Vuorilehto, M. S., Holma, M., Riihimäki, K., Oquendo, M. A., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.006 · Cited by 28
The Path of Reform: The Consequences of Institutional Volatility
Bolen, J. B., & Williamson, C. R. (2019) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12205 · Cited by 28
Does cognitive control ability mediate the relationship between reward-related mechanisms, impulsivity, and maladaptive outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood?
McKewen, M., Skippen, P., Cooper, P. S., Wong, A. S. W., Michie, P. T., Lenroot, R., & Karayanidis, F. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00722-2 · Cited by 33
Discrimination and Sleep Mediate Ethnic/Racial Identity and Adolescent Adjustment: Uncovering Change Processes With Slope-as-Mediator Mediation
Yip, T., Cham, H., Wang, Y., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13276 · Cited by 29
Destructive Behavior, Judgment, and Economic Decision-making under Thermal Stress
Almås, I., Auffhammer, M., Bold, T., Bolliger, I. W., Dembo, A., Hsiang, S., Kitamura, S., Miguel, E. A., & Pickmans, R. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25785 · Cited by 32
The effect of affect: How affective style determines attitudes towards the EU
Nielsen, J. H. (2017) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116517741380 · Cited by 27
Crime, remittances, and presidential approval in Mexico
Doyle, D. A., & García, A. I. L. (2019) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2019.1623325 · Cited by 27
Causal Effects of Financial Education Intervention Aimed at University Students on Financial Knowledge and Financial Self-Efficacy
Velasco, M. S. (2022) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm15070284 · Cited by 27
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Prevents Aortic Plaque Progression and Reduces Left Ventricular Mass and Fibrosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: The MAGMA Trial
Rajagopalan, S., Dobre, M. A., Dazard, J.-E., Vergara-Martel, A., Connelly, K. A., Farkouh, M. E., Gaztañaga, J., Conger, H., Dever, A. M., Razavi-Nematollahi, L., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.067620 · Cited by 29
Sleep problems mediate the association between outdoor nighttime light and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A cross-sectional, multi-city study in Bulgaria
Helbich, M., Burov, A., Dimitrova, D., Markevych, I., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Dzhambov, A. M. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119897 · Cited by 28
Letters for Black Lives: Co-ethnic Mobilization and Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement
Arora, M., & Stout, C. T. (2018) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912918793222 · Cited by 27
Local Unemployment and Voting for President: Uncovering Causal Mechanisms
Park, T. R., & Reeves, A. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9502-4 · Cited by 27
Exploratory Mediation Analysis of Dichotomous Outcomes via Regularization
Serang, S., & Jacobucci, R. (2019) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1608145 · Cited by 26
Cyclic alternating pattern in children with obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with adenotonsillectomy, behavior, cognition, and quality of life
Hartmann, S., Bruni, O., Ferri, R., Redline, S. S., & Baumert, M. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa145 · Cited by 27
Understanding the Link Between Obesity and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: Causal Mediation by Systemic Inflammatory Response
Foulkes, A. S., Selvaggi, C. A., Shinnick, D. J., Lumish, H. S., Kim, E. Y., Cao, T., Thaweethai, T., Qian, J., Lu, F., Yan, J., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab629 · Cited by 30
Acute exercise effects on inhibitory control and the pupillary response in young adults
Shigeta, T. T., Morris, T. P., Henry, D. A., Kucyi, A., Bex, P. J., Kramer, A. F., & Hillman, C. H. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.006 · Cited by 29
Organizing Entrepreneurial Teams: A Field Experiment on Autonomy over Choosing Teams and Ideas
Boss, V., Dahlander, L., Ihl, C., & Jayaraman, R. (2021) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.1520 · Cited by 27
Long-term warming reduced microbial biomass but increased recent plant-derived C in microbes of a subarctic grassland
Verbrigghe, N., Meeran, K., Bahn, M., Canarini, A., Fransén, E., Fuchslueger, L., Ingrisch, J., Janssens, I. A., Richter, A. A., Sigurdsson, B. D., et al. (2022) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108590 · Cited by 27
Measuring the belief system of a person.
Brandt, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000416 · Cited by 32
Do Physical Therapy and Yoga Improve Pain and Disability through Psychological Mechanisms? A Causal Mediation Analysis of Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain
Joyce, C. T., Chernofsky, A., Lodi, S., Sherman, K. J., Saper, R. B., & Roseen, E. J. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10813 · Cited by 31
General and Abdominal Obesity Operate Differently as Risk Factors of Fracture Risk in Old Adults
Zhu, X.-W., Liu, K.-Q., Yuan, C., Xia, J., Qian, Y., Xu, L., Gao, J.-H., Rong, X., Chen, G., Karasik, D., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104466 · Cited by 25
Sleep EEG in young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A cross-sectional study of slow-waves, spindles and correlations with memory and neurodevelopmental symptoms
Donnelly, N. A., Bartsch, U., Moulding, H., Eaton, C. B., Marston, H. M., Hall, J. H., Hall, J., Owen, M. J., van den Bree, M. B. M., & Jones, M. W. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.75482 · Cited by 25
Metformin Cessation and Dementia Incidence
Zimmerman, S. C., Ferguson, E. L., Choudhary, V., Ranatunga, D. K., Oni‐Orisan, A., Hayes‐Larson, E., Folle, A. D., Mayeda, E. R., Whitmer, R. A., Gilsanz, P., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39723 · Cited by 30
Mediating processes between stress and problematic marijuana use
Ketcherside, A., & Filbey, F. M. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.015 · Cited by 26
Causal Inference and Generalization in Field Settings
West, S. G., Cham, H., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996481.007 · Cited by 28
Gross Motor Skills and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children
Burns, R. D., Brusseau, T. A., Fu, Y., & Hannon, J. C. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001147 · Cited by 27
Physical Injury and Somatic Complaints: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Young Survivors of a Terror Attack
Bugge, I., Dyb, G. A., Stensland, S. Ø., Ekeberg, Ø., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Diseth, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22191 · Cited by 29
Influence of patient characteristics on perceived risks and willingness to take a proposed anti-rheumatic drug
Martin, R. W., McCallops, K., Head, A. J., Eggebeen, A. T., Birmingham, J. D., & Tellinghuisen, D. J. (2013) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-13-89 · Cited by 27
Public transit stop density is associated with walking for exercise among a national sample of older adults
Twardzik, E., Falvey, J. R., Clarke, P. J., Freedman, V. A., & Schrack, J. A. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04253-x · Cited by 26
Too Important to Ignore? Why Ambiguity and Broad Appeals Fail With Rising Issue Salience
Kamphorst, J. (2021) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/729956 · Cited by 26
Real-world effectiveness and causal mediation study of BNT162b2 on long COVID risks in children and adolescents
Wu, Q., Zhang, B., Tong, J., Bailey, L. C., Bunnell, H. T., Chen, J., Chrischilles, E. A., Christakis, D., Downs, S. M., Hirabayashi, K., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102962 · Cited by 25
Algorithmic discrimination in public service provision: Understanding citizens’ attribution of responsibility for human versus algorithmic discriminatory outcomes
Alon‐Barkat, S., Busuioc, M., Schwoerer, K., & Weißmüller, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muaf024 · Cited by 38
ABO blood group in relation to plasma lipids and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
Li, S., Xu, R., Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhu, C., Sun, J., & Li, J. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.015 · Cited by 26
Affect, emotion dysregulation, and sleep quality among low-income women
Hoag, J. R., Tennen, H. A., Stevens, R. G., Coman, E., & Wu, Z. H. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.08.006 · Cited by 27
A Clash of Norms? How Reciprocity and International Humanitarian Law affect American Opinion on the Treatment of POWs
Chu, J. (2018) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002718789751 · Cited by 26
Methods for evaluating variability in human health dose–response characterization
Axelrad, D. A., Setzer, R. W., Bateson, T. F., DeVito, M. J., Dzubow, R. C., Fitzpatrick, J. W., Frame, A. M., Hogan, K. A., Houck, K. A., & Stewart, M. (2019) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1615828 · Cited by 26
Reward sensitivity and electrodermal responses to actions and outcomes in a go/no-go task
Le, T. M., Wang, W., Zhornitsky, S., Dhingra, I., Zhang, S., & Li, C. R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219147 · Cited by 25
Association Between Reduced Brain Glucose Metabolism and Cortical Thickness in Alcoholics: Evidence of Neurotoxicity
Tomasi, D. G., Wiers, C. E., Kojori, E. S., Zehra, A., Ramirez, V., Freeman, C. R., Burns, J. A., Liu, C. K., Manza, P., Kim, S. W., et al. (2019) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyz036 · Cited by 26
Human capital versus signaling is empirically unresolvable
Huntington‐Klein, N. (2020) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01837-z · Cited by 35
Socioeconomic status and survival after stroke – using mediation and sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of stroke severity and unmeasured confounding
Lindmark, A., Norrving, B. G., & Eriksson, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08629-1 · Cited by 26
Changes in the depression gender gap from 1992 to 2014: Cohort effects and mediation by gendered social position
Platt, J. M., Bates, L. M., Jager, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Keyes, K. M. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113088 · Cited by 30
Ethnic Identity, Empowerment, Social Support and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Black Adolescent Girls: Examining Drug Use as a Mediator
Opara, I., Rodas, E. I. R., Garcia‐Reid, P., & Reid, R. J. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-020-00706-z · Cited by 27
A Causal Framework for Observational Studies of Discrimination
Gaebler, J., Cai, W., Basse, G., Shroff, R., Goel, S., & Hill, J. (2022) · Statistics and Public Policy · doi:10.1080/2330443x.2021.2024778 · Cited by 28
Parametric-Regression–Based Causal Mediation Analysis of Binary Outcomes and Binary Mediators: Moving Beyond the Rareness or Commonness of the Outcome
Samoilenko, M., & Lefebvre, G. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab055 · Cited by 26
Not Registered? Please Sign Up First: A Randomized Field Experiment on the Ex Ante Registration Request
Huang, N., Mojumder, P., Sun, T., Lv, J., & Golden, J. M. (2021) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2021.0999 · Cited by 28
Relative power: Explaining the effects of food and cash transfers on allocative behaviour in rural Nepalese households
Fry, H. A. H., Saville, N. M., Paudel, P. R., Manandhar, D. S., Cortina‐Borja, M., & Skordis, J. (2021) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102784 · Cited by 26
Association of Neurofibrillary Tangle Distribution With Age at Onset–Related Clinical Heterogeneity in Alzheimer Disease
Smirnov, D. S., Salmon, D. P., Galasko, D. R., Goodwill, V., Hansen, L. A., Zhao, Y., Edland, S. D., Léger, G. C., Peavy, G. M., Jacobs, D. M., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013107 · Cited by 31
The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Depression Among Chinese Emergency Physicians
Xu, H., Liu, X., & Zeng, P. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s360611 · Cited by 26
Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Wang, X., Ma, H., Kou, M., Tang, R., Xue, Q., Li, X., Harlan, T. S., Heianza, Y., & Qi, L. (2023) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.029 · Cited by 26
Age-related effects on verbal and visuospatial memory are mediated by theta and alpha II rhythms
Reichert, J. L., Kober, S. E., Witte, M., Neuper, C., & Wood, G. M. D. O. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.004 · Cited by 25
Consistency in patient-reported outcomes after total hip replacement
Bengtsson, A., Donahue, G. S., Nemes, S., Garellick, G., & Rolfson, O. (2017) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2017.1339541 · Cited by 26
Sexual Orientation and School Discipline: New Evidence From a Population-Based Sample
Mittleman, J. (2018) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x17753123 · Cited by 31
Robust Inference on Population Indirect Causal Effects: The Generalized Front Door Criterion
Fulcher, I., Shpitser, I., Marealle, S., & Tchetgen, E. J. T. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/rssb.12345 · Cited by 36
Trait attributions and threat appraisals explain why an entity theory of personality predicts greater internalizing symptoms during adolescence
Seo, E., Lee, H. Y., Jamieson, J. P., Reis, H. T., Josephs, R. A., Beevers, C. G., & Yeager, D. S. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001832 · Cited by 27
Empathic concern for children and the gender-donations gap
van Rijn, J., Quiñones, E. J., & Barham, B. L. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2019.101462 · Cited by 26
Pre-infection antiviral innate immunity contributes to sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Sauerwald, N., Zhang, Z., Ramos, I., Nair, V. D., Schanoski, A. S., Ge, Y., Mao, W., Alshammary, H., Gonzalez-Reiche, A. S., van de Guchte, A., et al. (2022) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2022.10.005 · Cited by 25
Partisan conflict over content moderation is more than disagreement about facts
Appel, R. E., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg6799 · Cited by 26
Exploring aesthetic fluency: The roles of personality, nature relatedness, and art activities.
Atari, M., Afhami, R., & Mohammadi-Zarghan, S. (2018) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000200 · Cited by 25
Reducing Alcohol Consumption Among Risky Drinkers in the General Population of Sweden Using an Interactive Mobile Health Intervention: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Bendtsen, M., & McCambridge, J. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/13119 · Cited by 25
Vagal Flexibility Mediates the Association Between Resting Vagal Activity and Cognitive Performance Stability Across Varying Socioemotional Demands
Spangler, D. P., & McGinley, J. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02093 · Cited by 31
The Evolutionary Trajectories of Peer-Produced Artifacts: Group Composition, the Trajectories’ Exploration, and the Quality of Artifacts
Arazy, O., Lindberg, A., Rezaei, M., & Samorani, M. (2020) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2020/15379 · Cited by 27
Maternal exposure to a human based mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect gene expression related to brain function in mice offspring hippocampus
Myhre, O., Zimmer, K. E., Hudecova, A. M., Hansen, K. E. A., Khezri, A., Berntsen, H. F., Berg, V., Lyche, J. L., Mandal, S., Duale, N., et al. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130123 · Cited by 25
The how and why of Bayesian nonparametric causal inference
Linero, A. R., & Antonelli, J. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Statistics · doi:10.1002/wics.1583 · Cited by 25
DNA methylation as a potential mediator of the association between prenatal tobacco and alcohol exposure and child neurodevelopment in a South African birth cohort
Abrishamcar, S., Chen, J., Feil, D., Kilanowski, A., Koen, N., Vanker, A., Wedderburn, C. J., Donald, K. A., Zar, H. J., Stein, D. J., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02195-3 · Cited by 26
Worker Well-Being and Quit Intentions: Is Measuring Job Satisfaction Enough?
Pelly, D. (2022) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-023-03166-x · Cited by 38
The Finite Sample Performance of Estimators for Mediation Analysis Under Sequential Conditional Independence
Huber, M., Lechner, M., & Mellace, G. (2015) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.2015.1017644 · Cited by 24
Effects on Household Labor of Temporary Out-migration by Male Household Heads in Nicaragua and Peru: an Analysis of Spot-check Time Allocation Data Using Mixed-effects Models
Koster, J., Grote, M. N., & Winterhalder, B. P. (2013) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-012-9549-5 · Cited by 26
The impact of patient quality of life and spirituality upon caregiver depression for those with advanced cancer
Douglas, S. L., & Daly, B. J. (2012) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951512000570 · Cited by 30
Does Competition Affect Truth Telling? An Experiment with Rating Agencies
Rabanal, J. P., & Rud, O. A. (2017) · European Finance Review · doi:10.1093/rof/rfx012 · Cited by 25
Assessing Omitted Confounder Bias in Multilevel Mediation Models
Tofighi, D., & Kelley, K. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2015.1105736 · Cited by 25

Authors: Imai, K., Keele, L., & Tingley, D.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
The Ohio State University (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Imai, Kosuke
Keele, Luke
Tingley, Dustin
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 309-334
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/a0020761
OpenAlex: W2010143351
Cited by: 4,143
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 736 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 385 · 2023: 352 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 327 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 232 · 2018: 218 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 42.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nrs.harvard.edu
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Science Foundation (SES-0918968)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Keywords: causal mediation analysis, identification assumptions, sensitivity analysis, model-free estimation
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Sciences, Models, Statistical, Causality, Linear Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A general approach to causal mediation analysis.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks