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A general approach to causal mediation analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Traditionally in the social sciences, causal mediation analysis has been formulated, understood, and implemented within the framework of linear structural equation models. We argue and demonstrate that this is problematic for 3 reasons: the lack of a general definition of causal mediation effects independent of a particular statistical model, the inability to specify the key identification assumption, and the difficulty of extending the framework to nonlinear models. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that overcomes these limitations. Our approach is general because it offers the definition, identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis of causal mediation effects without reference to any specific statistical model. Further, our approach explicitly links these 4 elements closely together within a single framework. As a result, the proposed framework can accommodate linear and nonlinear relationships, parametric and nonparametric models, continuous and discrete mediators, and various types of outcome variables. The general definition and identification result also allow us to develop sensitivity analysis in the context of commonly used models, which enables applied researchers to formally assess the robustness of their empirical conclusions to violations of the key assumption. We illustrate our approach by applying it to the Job Search Intervention Study. We also offer easy-to-use software that implements all our proposed methods.
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Hong, G., Qin, X., & Yang, F. (2018) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998617749561 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Imai, K., Keele, L., & Tingley, D.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 309-334
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2010143351
- Cited by
- 4,143
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 736 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 385 · 2023: 352 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 327 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 232 · 2018: 218 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 42.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (SES-0918968)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Keywords
- causal mediation analysis, identification assumptions, sensitivity analysis, model-free estimation
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Sciences, Models, Statistical, Causality, Linear Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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