Cited by 4,143Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePhilosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A general approach to causal mediation analysis.

Open access

Imai, Kosuke, Keele, Luke, Tingley, Dustin·2010·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/a0020761

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Traditionally in the social sciences, causal mediation analysis has been formulated, understood, and implemented within the framework of linear structural equation models. We argue and demonstrate that this is problematic for 3 reasons: the lack of a general definition of causal mediation effects independent of a particular statistical model, the inability to specify the key identification assumption, and the difficulty of extending the framework to nonlinear models. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that overcomes these limitations. Our approach is general because it offers the definition, identification, estimation, and sensitivity analysis of causal mediation effects without reference to any specific statistical model. Further, our approach explicitly links these 4 elements closely together within a single framework. As a result, the proposed framework can accommodate linear and nonlinear relationships, parametric and nonparametric models, continuous and discrete mediators, and various types of outcome variables. The general definition and identification result also allow us to develop sensitivity analysis in the context of commonly used models, which enables applied researchers to formally assess the robustness of their empirical conclusions to violations of the key assumption. We illustrate our approach by applying it to the Job Search Intervention Study. We also offer easy-to-use software that implements all our proposed methods.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0020761

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R
Wood, S. N. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9781315370279 · Cited by 13,852
Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701341316 · Cited by 9,973
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Generalized Additive Models.
Brown, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532174 · Cited by 8,263
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618
Statistics and Causal Inference
Holland, P. W. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354 · Cited by 5,293

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 65 references

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,017

An Introduction to Causal Mediation Analysis With a Comparison of 2 R Packages
Byeon, S., & Lee, W. (2023) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.23.189 · Cited by 34
Effect Measure Modification by Covariates in Mediation: Extending Regression-based Causal Mediation Analysis
Li, Y., Mathur, M. B., Solomon, D. H., Ridker, P. M., Glynn, R. J., & Yoshida, K. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001643 · Cited by 32
Improving measurement-based care implementation in youth mental health through organizational leadership and climate: a mechanistic analysis within a randomized trial
Williams, N. J., Ehrhart, M. G., Aarons, G. A., Esp, S. M., Sklar, M., Carandang, K. M., Vega, N. R., Brookman-Frazee, L. I., & Marcus, S. C. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01356-w · Cited by 39
Group cues and public opposition to immigration: evidence from a survey experiment in South Korea
Ha, S. E., Cho, S. J., & Kang, J. (2015) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2015.1080608 · Cited by 31
Mediation from Multilevel to Structural Equation Modeling
MacKinnon, D. P., & Valente, M. J. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000362505 · Cited by 32
Delinquency, parental involvement, early adult criminality, and sex: Evidence of moderated mediation
Walters, G. D. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.011 · Cited by 36
Principal Stratification as a Framework for Investigating Mediational Processes in Experimental Settings
Page, L. C. (2012) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.688410 · Cited by 31
Temperament, Character and Suicide Attempts in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders
Jylhä, P. J., Rosenström, T. H., Mantere, O., Suominen, K. H., Melartin, T. K., Vuorilehto, M. S., Holma, M., Riihimäki, K., Oquendo, M. A., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09472 · Cited by 32
Testing criminological theory through causal mediation analysis: Current status and future directions
Walters, G. D., & Mandracchia, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.02.002 · Cited by 32
The effects of nonstandard work schedules on workers' health: A mediating role of work‐to‐family conflict
Cho, Y. (2017) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12269 · Cited by 40
Sensitivity analysis for mistakenly adjusting for mediators in estimating total effect in observational studies
Wang, T., Li, H.-K., Su, P., Yu, Y.-Y., Sun, X.-R., Liu, Y., Yuan, Z.-S., & Xue, F.-Z. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015640 · Cited by 31
Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution, the gestational epigenetic clock, and risk of early-life allergic sensitization
Sbihi, H., Jones, M. J., MacIsaac, J. L., Brauer, M. D., Allen, R. W., Sears, M. R., Subbarao, P., Mandhane, P. J., Moraes, T. J., Azad, M. B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.047 · Cited by 32
What I see is what I want: Top-down attention biasing choice behavior
Vriens, M., Vidden, C., & Schomaker, J. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.001 · Cited by 36
Taking Selection Seriously in Correlational Studies of Child Development: A Call for Sensitivity Analyses
Dearing, E., & Zachrisson, H. D. (2019) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12343 · Cited by 32
On semiparametric estimation of a path-specific effect in the presence of mediator-outcome confounding.
Miles, C. H., Shpitser, I., Kanki, P., Meloni, S., & Tchetgen, E. J. T. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.1093/biomet/asz063 · Cited by 32
Pains and gains of environmental management system certification for the sustainable development of manufacturing companies: Heterogeneous effects of industry peer learning
Jing, W., & Mao, Y. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2489 · Cited by 32
Latent Class Mediation: A Comparison of Six Approaches
Hsiao, Y., Kruger, E. S., Horn, M. L. V., Tofighi, D., MacKinnon, D. P., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2020) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2020.1771674 · Cited by 32
Gene-based mediation analysis in epigenetic studies
Fang, R., Yang, H., Gao, Y., Cao, H., Goode, E. L., & Cui, Y. (2020) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa113 · Cited by 30
Predictors of Behavioral Changes After Adenotonsillectomy in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Isaiah, A., Spanier, A. J., Grattan, L. M., Wang, Y., & Pereira, K. D. (2020) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.2432 · Cited by 32
Why is inequality higher among the old? Evidence from China
Hanewald, K., Jia, R., & Liu, Z. (2021) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101592 · Cited by 33
Mind wandering increases linearly with text difficulty
Kahmann, R., Ozuer, Y., Zedelius, C. M., & Bijleveld, E. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01483-9 · Cited by 32
High-Risk Morphological and Physiological Coronary Disease Attributes as Outcome Markers After Medical Treatment and Revascularization
Yang, S., Koo, B., Hwang, D., Zhang, J., Hoshino, M., Lee, J. M., Murai, T., Park, J., Shin, E., Doh, J., et al. (2021) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.04.004 · Cited by 34
Protest Participation and Attitude Change: Evidence from Ukraine’s Euromaidan Revolution
Pop-Elecheș, G., Robertson, G. B., & Rosenfeld, B. R. M. (2021) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/716302 · Cited by 32
Distress intolerance and clinical functioning in persons with schizophrenia
Nugent, K. L., Chiappelli, J., Rowland, L. M., Daughters, S. B., & Hong, L. E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.026 · Cited by 33
Causal Mediation Analysis in the Multilevel Intervention and Multicomponent Mediator Case
Zheng, C., & Zhou, X. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/rssb.12082 · Cited by 32
The 1-year impact of an emotion regulation intervention on early adolescent health risk behaviors.
Houck, C. D., Barker, D., Hadley, W. S., Brown, L. K., Lansing, A. H., Almy, B., & Hancock, E. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000360 · Cited by 37
The Long-Run Effect of Childhood Poverty and The Mediating Role of Education
Bellani, L., & Bia, M. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12388 · Cited by 38
Experimental Power for Indirect Effects in Group-randomized Studies with Group-level Mediators
Kelcey, B., Dong, N., Spybrook, J. K., & Shen, Z. (2017) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2017.1356212 · Cited by 32
How to Improve Teaching Practice? Experimental Comparison of Centralized Training and In-classroom Coaching
Cilliers, J., Fleisch, B., Prinsloo, C., & Taylor, S. E. (2018) · doi:10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2018/024 · Cited by 32
Therapeutic processes in digital interventions for anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analytic structural equation modeling of randomized controlled trials
Domhardt, M., Nowak, H., Engler, S., Baumel, A., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102084 · Cited by 32
Mediators of the association of major depressive syndrome and anxiety syndrome with postpartum smoking relapse.
Correa-Fernández, V., Ji, L., Castro, Y., Heppner, W. L., Vidrine, J. I., Costello, T. J., Mullen, P. D., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Velasquez, M. M., Greisinger, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027532 · Cited by 31
Civic Duty and Voting under Autocracy
Reuter, O. J. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/711718 · Cited by 32
Associations between evening shift work, irregular sleep timing, and gestational diabetes in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b)
Wallace, D. A., Reid, K. J., Grobman, W. A., Facco, F., Silver, R. M., Pien, G. W., Louis, J. M., Zee, P. C., Redline, S. S., & Sofer, T. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac297 · Cited by 36
Substantial impacts of climate shocks in African smallholder agriculture
Wollburg, P. R., Markhof, Y. V., Bentze, T., & Ponzini, G. (2024) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-024-01411-w · Cited by 35
Occupational segregation and psychological gender differences: How empathizing and systemizing help explain the distribution of men and women into (some) occupations
Wright, D. B., Eaton, A. A., & Skagerberg, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.004 · Cited by 32
Sensitivity analysis for unobserved confounding of direct and indirect effects using uncertainty intervals
Lindmark, A., de Luna, X., & Eriksson, M. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7620 · Cited by 33
Direct and indirect effects of private- and government-sponsored venture capital
Engberg, E., Tingvall, P. G., & Halvarsson, D. (2019) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-019-01770-w · Cited by 31
Intergenerational Neighborhood Attainment and the Legacy of Racial Residential Segregation: A Causal Mediation Analysis
Pais, J. (2017) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-017-0597-8 · Cited by 31
Multiple metals exposure and chromosome damage: Exploring the mediation effects of microRNAs and their potentials in lung carcinogenesis
Chen, W., Fu, W., Deng, Q., Li, Y., Wang, K., Bai, Y., Wu, X., Li, G., Wang, G., Huang, J., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.020 · Cited by 31
A Longitudinal Investigation of Military Sexual Trauma and Perinatal Depression
Gross, G. M., Kroll‐Desrosiers, A., & Mattocks, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7628 · Cited by 31
Assessment of the Role of IQ in Associations Between Population Density and Deprivation and Nonaffective Psychosis
Lewis, G., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Karlsson, H., Khandaker, G. M., Lewis, G., Dalman, C., & Kirkbride, J. B. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0103 · Cited by 31
Effects of spiritual resilience on psychological distress and health-related quality of life in Chinese people with Parkinson’s disease
Kwok, J. Y. Y., Choi, E. P. H., Chau, P. H., Wong, J. Y. H., Fong, D., & Auyeung, M. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02562-x · Cited by 35
Breastfeeding Disparities and Their Mediators in an Urban Birth Cohort of Black and White Mothers
Morrow, A. L., McClain, J., Conrey, S. C., Niu, L., Kinzer, A. B., Cline, A. R., Piasecki, A. M., DeFranco, E., Ward, L. P., Ware, J. L., et al. (2021) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2020.0327 · Cited by 31
Cameras of Merit or Engines of Inequality? College Ranking Systems and the Enrollment of Disadvantaged Students
Chu, J. (2021) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/714916 · Cited by 31
Social inequalities in the associations between urban green spaces, self-perceived health and mortality in Brussels: Results from a census-based cohort study
Loureiro, L. R., Casas, L., Bauwelinck, M., Lefebvre, W., Vanpoucke, C., Vanroelen, C., & Gadeyne, S. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102603 · Cited by 32
Oxidative stress-mediated particulate matter affects the risk of relapse in schizophrenia patients: Air purification intervention-based panel study
Wei, Q., Ji, Y., Gao, H., Yi, W., Pan, R., Cheng, J., He, Y., Tang, C. K., Liu, X., Song, S., et al. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118348 · Cited by 31
Plasma metabolomics provides new insights into the relationship between metabolites and outcomes and left ventricular remodeling of coronary artery disease
Zhu, Q., Qin, M., Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Chen, X., Liu, C., Ma, Q., Liu, Y., Lai, W., Chen, H., et al. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00863-x · Cited by 31
The Causal Cookbook: Recipes for Propensity Scores, G-Computation, and Doubly Robust Standardization
Chatton, A., & Rohrer, J. M. (2024) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241236149 · Cited by 39
Strategies influence neural activity for feedback learning across child and adolescent development
Peters, S., Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., Crone, E. A., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Raijmakers, M. E. J. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.006 · Cited by 30
Trust Me, I Believe in God
Clifford, S., & Gaskins, B. (2015) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x15608939 · Cited by 35
Accounting for Life-Course Exposures in Epigenetic Biomarker Association Studies: Early Life Socioeconomic Position, Candidate Gene DNA Methylation, and Adult Cardiometabolic Risk
Huang, J. Y., Gavin, A. R., Richardson, T. S., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Siscovick, D. S., Hochner, H., Friedlander, Y., & Enquobahrie, D. A. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww014 · Cited by 31
Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation
Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Shaker, L. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e511862012-001 · Cited by 33
A Retrospective Analysis of Sociodemographic and Hematologic Characteristics Associated With Achieving Optimal Hydroxyurea Therapy in Children With Sickle Cell Disease
George, P. E., Bazo‐Alvarez, J. C., & Sheehan, V. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0000000000001177 · Cited by 30
How does the integration of cultural and tourism industries impact the value added to tourism value chain: Evidences from Jiangsu Province of China
Zeng, M., Shen, S., & Gu, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287610 · Cited by 30
Integrated analysis of facial microbiome and skin physio-optical properties unveils cutotype-dependent aging effects
Sun, C., Hu, G., Yi, L., Ge, W., Yang, Q., Yang, X., He, Y., Liu, Z., & Chen, W. (2024) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-024-01891-0 · Cited by 34
A State Space Modeling Approach to Mediation Analysis
Гу, Ф., Preacher, K. J., & Ferrer, E. E. (2014) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998614524823 · Cited by 30
The Geography of Diabetes by Census Tract in a Large Sample of Insured Adults in King County, Washington, 2005–2006
Drewnowski, A., Rehm, C. D., Moudon, A. V., & Arterburn, D. E. (2014) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd11.140135 · Cited by 30
Measurement error, time lag, unmeasured confounding: Considerations for longitudinal estimation of the effect of a mediator in randomised clinical trials
Goldsmith, K., Chalder, T., White, P. D., Sharpe, M., & Pickles, A. R. (2016) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216666111 · Cited by 31
Public support for coercive diplomacy: Exploring public opinion data from ten European countries
Onderčo, M. (2016) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12183 · Cited by 30
PM effect size estimation for mediation analysis: a cautionary note, alternate strategy, and real data illustration
Walters, G. D. (2017) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2017.1305710 · Cited by 30
Polysomnography and Treatment-Related Outcomes of Childhood Sleep Apnea
Isaiah, A., Pereira, K. D., & Das, G. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1097 · Cited by 27
‘What do we have to lose?’: Local economic decline, prospect theory, and support for Brexit
Carreras, M. (2019) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102094 · Cited by 30
Identification of novel common variants associated with chronic pain using conditional false discovery rate analysis with major depressive disorder and assessment of pleiotropic effects of LRFN5
Johnston, K. J. A., Adams, M. J., Nicholl, B. I., Ward, J., Strawbridge, R. J., McIntosh, A. M., Smıth, D. J., & Bailey, M. E. S. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0613-4 · Cited by 30
Nonlinear mediation analysis with high‐dimensional mediators whose causal structure is unknown
Loh, W. W., Moerkerke, B., Loeys, T., & Vansteelandt, S. (2020) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13402 · Cited by 30
Coercion and the Credibility of Assurances
Cebul, M. D., Dafoe, A., & Monteiro, N. P. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/711132 · Cited by 32
The impact of decentralized decision-making on student outcomes and teacher quality: Evidence from Colombia
Elacqua, G., Munevar, I., Sanchez, F., & Santos, H. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105378 · Cited by 30
Birth weight is positively associated with adult osteoporosis risk: observational and Mendelian randomization studies
Yu, X., Wei, Y., Zeng, P., & Lei, S. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4316 · Cited by 29
Small matching grants for women entrepreneurs: lessons from the past recession
Srhoj, S., Škrinjarić, B., Radas, S., & Walde, J. F. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00524-2 · Cited by 30
Producing Clinically Meaningful Reductions in Disability: A Causal Mediation Analysis of a Patient Education Intervention
Cashin, A. G., Lee, H., Traeger, A. C., Moseley, G. L., Hübscher, M., Kamper, S. J., Skinner, I., & McAuley, J. H. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.007 · Cited by 30
Birthweight, mediating biomarkers and the development of type 2 diabetes later in life: a prospective study of multi-ethnic women
Song, Y., Huang, Y., Song, Y., Hevener, A. L., Ryckman, K. K., Qi, L., LeBlanc, E. S., Kazlauskaite, R., Brennan, K. M., & Liu, S. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3479-2 · Cited by 30
First-generation antipsychotics and QTc: any role for mediating variables?
Carrà, G., Crocamo, C., Bartoli, F., Lax, A., Tremolada, M., Lucii, C., Martinotti, G., Nosè, M., Bighelli, I., Ostuzzi, G., et al. (2016) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2540 · Cited by 30
Bayesian sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in causal mediation analysis
McCandless, L. C., & Somers, J. M. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280217729844 · Cited by 30
Estimation of Direct and Indirect Effects
Vansteelandt, S. (2012) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119945710.ch11 · Cited by 31
mediation: Causal Mediation Analysis
Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., Imai, K., Trinh, M., & Wong, W. (2009) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.mediation · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Ideology Between the Lines: Lay Inferences About Scientists’ Values and Motives
Hannikainen, I. R. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550618790230 · Cited by 29
Pathways of Disadvantage: Unpacking the Intergenerational Correlation in Welfare
Bubonya, M., & Cobb‐Clark, D. A. (2020) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102066 · Cited by 29
Age at first birth is associated with the likelihood of frailty in middle-aged and older women: A population-based analysis from NHANES 1999–2018
Guo, H., Ye, Y., Gao, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107904 · Cited by 29
Weighting Methods for Assessing Policy Effects Mediated by Peer Change
Hong, G., & Nomi, T. (2012) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/15348431.2012.688421 · Cited by 31
The relationships among fear of hypoglycaemia, diabetes-related quality of life and psychological well-being in Norwegian adults with Type 1 diabetes
Strandberg, R. B., Graue, M., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Peyrot, M. F., Wahl, A. K., & Rokne, B. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.12.018 · Cited by 29
A classical regression framework for mediation analysis: fitting one model to estimate mediation effects
Saunders, C. T., & Blume, J. D. (2017) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx054 · Cited by 31
Improving Surveys Through Ethnography: Insights from India’s Urban Periphery
Thachil, T. (2018) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-018-9272-3 · Cited by 32
Dealigned but mobilized? Insights from a citizen science study on youth political engagement
Binder, A., Heiss, R., Matthes, J., & Sander, D. (2020) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2020.1714567 · Cited by 29
The Mobile Health Multiple Lifestyle Behavior Interventions Across the Lifespan (MoBILE) Research Program: Protocol for Development, Evaluation, and Implementation
Bendtsen, M., Bendtsen, P., Henriksson, H., Henriksson, P., Müssener, U., Thomas, K., & Löf, M. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14894 · Cited by 28
Newborn micronutrient status biomarkers in a cluster-randomized trial of antenatal multiple micronutrient compared with iron folic acid supplementation in rural Bangladesh
Schulze, K. J., Gernand, A. D., Khan, A. Z., Wu, L. S.-F., Mehra, S., Shaikh, S., Ali, H., Shamim, A. A., Sungpuag, P., Udomkesmalee, E., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa223 · Cited by 29
Disentangling interactions among mercury, immunity and infection in a Neotropical bat community
Becker, D. J., Speer, K. A., Korstian, J. M., Volokhov, D. V., Droke, H. F., Brown, A. M., Baijnauth, C. L., Padgett‐Stewart, T., Broders, H. G., Plowright, R. K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13809 · Cited by 28
Cholinergic basal forebrain and hippocampal structure influence visuospatial memory in Parkinson’s disease
Berlot, R., Pirtošek, Z., Brezovar, S., Koritnik, B., Teipel, S. J., Grothe, M. J., & Ray, N. J. (2021) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-021-00481-0 · Cited by 29
Causal mediation analysis for sparse and irregular longitudinal data
Zeng, S., Rosenbaum, S., Alberts, S. C., Archie, E. A., & Li, F. (2021) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/20-aoas1427 · Cited by 27
Encoding and consolidation of motor sequence learning in young and older adults
Fitzroy, A. B., Kainec, K. A., Seo, J., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107508 · Cited by 32
Assumptions Not Often Assessed or Satisfied in Published Mediation Analyses in Psychology and Psychiatry
Stuart, E. A., Schmid, I. T., Nguyen, T. Q., Sarker, E. B., Pittman, A., Benke, K. S., Rudolph, K. E., Badillo‐Goicoechea, E., & Leoutsakos, J. (2021) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxab007 · Cited by 29
The Wheels of Change: Technology Adoption, Millwrights and the Persistence in Britain'S Industrialisation
Mokyr, J., Sarid, A., & van der Beek, K. (2022) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueab102 · Cited by 43
Do Gender-Based Pathways Influence Mental Health? Examining the Linkages Between Early Child Marriage, Intimate Partner Violence, and Psychological Well-being among Young Ethiopian Women (18–24 years Old)
John, N. A., Kapungu, C., Sebany, M., & Tadesse, S. (2022) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x221079375 · Cited by 29
Transcriptome-wide association study for postpartum depression implicates altered B-cell activation and insulin resistance
Guintivano, J., Åberg, K. A., Clark, S. L., Rubinow, D. R., Sullivan, P. F., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., & van den Oord, E. J. C. G. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01525-7 · Cited by 30
Gut microbiome responses to dietary intervention with hypocholesterolemic vegetable oils
Lim, R. R. X., Park, M. A., Wong, L. H., Haldar, S., Lim, K. J., Nagarajan, N., Henry, C. J., Jiang, Y. R., & Moskvin, O. V. (2022) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-022-00287-y · Cited by 29
Ethnic differences of genetic risk and smoking in lung cancer: two prospective cohort studies
Zhu, M., Lv, J., Huang, Y., Ma, H., Li, N., Wei, X., Ji, M., Ma, Z., Song, C., Wang, C., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyad118 · Cited by 29
A beautiful shock? Exploring the impact of pandemic shocks on the accuracy of AI forecasting in the beauty care industry
Jackson, I., & Ivanov, D. (2023) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2023.103360 · Cited by 29
Reciprocal trust mediates deep transfer of learning between games of strategic interaction
Juvina, I., Saleem, M., Martin, J. M., González, C., & Lebiere, C. J. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.09.004 · Cited by 29
Household water insecurity, missed schooling, and the mediating role of caregiver depression in rural Uganda
Cooper-Vince, C. E., Kakuhikire, B., Vorechovska, D., McDonough, A. Q., Perkins, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Mushavi, R. C., Baguma, C., Ashaba, S., Bangsberg, D. R., et al. (2017) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2017.14 · Cited by 36
The Missing Link? Modernization, Tolerance, and Legislation on Homosexuality
Hildebrandt, A., Trüdinger, E., & Wyss, D. (2018) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912918797464 · Cited by 29
Web-Based Self-Compassion Training to Improve the Well-Being of Youth With Chronic Medical Conditions: Randomized Controlled Trial
Finlay‐jones, A. L., Parkinson, A., Sirois, F. M., Perry, Y., Boyes, M. E., & Rees, C. S. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44016 · Cited by 34
Scaling Dialogue for Democracy: Can Automated Deliberation Create More Deliberative Voters?
Fishkin, J. S., Bolotnyy, V., Lerner, J. Y., Siu, A., & Bradburn, N. M. (2025) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592724001749 · Cited by 28

Authors: Imai, K., Keele, L., & Tingley, D.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
The Ohio State University (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Imai, Kosuke
Keele, Luke
Tingley, Dustin
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 309-334
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/a0020761
OpenAlex: W2010143351
Cited by: 4,143
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 736 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 385 · 2023: 352 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 327 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 232 · 2018: 218 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 42.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
nrs.harvard.edu
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Science Foundation (SES-0918968)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Keywords: causal mediation analysis, identification assumptions, sensitivity analysis, model-free estimation
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Sciences, Models, Statistical, Causality, Linear Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A general approach to causal mediation analysis.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks