Cited by 133Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

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An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder symptoms.

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Iverson, Katherine M., Follette, Victoria M., Pistorello, Jacqueline, Fruzzetti, Alan E.·2012·Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

DOI 10.1037/a0023703PMC PMC3387350

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Abstract

In this study we investigated 3 domains of emotional functioning--emotion dysregulation, distress tolerance, and experiential avoidance--in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Participants were 40 young adult outpatients at a university counseling center who reported current suicidal ideation and met diagnostic criteria for BPD or experienced subthreshold BPD symptoms (i.e., met diagnostic criteria for 3 or 4 symptoms). Participants completed 3 self-report measures of emotional functioning-experiential avoidance (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2; Bond et al., 2011; Hayes et al., 2004), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and distress tolerance (Distress Tolerance Scale; Simons & Gaher, 2005)-and a behavioral measure of distress tolerance (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-Computerized; Lejuez, Kahler, & Brown, 2003), in addition to self-report measures of depression and BPD symptom severity. Partial correlations demonstrated that both emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance were significantly associated with BPD symptom severity after accounting for depression. However, neither the self-report nor behavioral measure of distress tolerance were related to BPD symptom severity. A regression analysis with emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance as independent variables revealed that only experiential avoidance was significantly associated with BPD symptom severity after controlling for depression symptoms. The current findings suggest that experiential avoidance may be a central process in BPD symptom severity. Future research directions are discussed.

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Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale
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Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595
Self-citation
Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. V., Bergan, J., et al. (2004) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395492 · Cited by 2,140
Self-citation
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“The column labeled “Comparative” provides examples of means from other studies which utilized the measure: a Gratz & Gunderson, 2006 (clinical BPD sample); b Simon & Gaher, 2005 (college normative sample); c Bond et al. (2009) (normative sample); d Gratz et al. 2006 (clinical BPD sample).”
Method
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An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder
Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.850 · Cited by 518
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First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW 1997 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Personality Disorders (SCIDII) Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press
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Authors: Iverson, K. M., Follette, V. M., Pistorello, J., & Fruzzetti, A. E.
Affiliations: VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
University of Nevada, Reno (US)
ORCID: Iverson, Katherine M.
Follette, Victoria M.
Pistorello, Jacqueline
Fruzzetti, Alan E.
Venue: Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-10
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 415-422
ISSN: 1949-2715 (ISSN-L)
1949-2723
DOI: 10.1037/a0023703
PMC: PMC3387350
OpenAlex: W2083391989
Cited by: 133
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 8.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019836, R34MH071904)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: borderline personality disorder, experiential avoidance, emotional dysregulation, distress tolerance, young adults, suicidal ideation, depression, emotional functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Outpatients, Young Adult, Self Report, Suicidal Ideation

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An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder symptoms.

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