The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation.
Abstract
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2001, American Psychological Association, 2010) calls for the reporting of effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Estimates of effect size are useful for determining the practical or theoretical importance of an effect, the relative contributions of factors, and the power of an analysis. We surveyed articles published in 2009 and 2010 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, noting the statistical analyses reported and the associated reporting of effect size estimates. Effect sizes were reported for fewer than half of the analyses; no article reported a confidence interval for an effect size. The most often reported analysis was analysis of variance, and almost half of these reports were not accompanied by effect sizes. Partial η2 was the most commonly reported effect size estimate for analysis of variance. For t tests, 2/3 of the articles did not report an associated effect size estimate; Cohen's d was the most often reported. We provide a straightforward guide to understanding, selecting, calculating, and interpreting effect sizes for many types of data and to methods for calculating effect size confidence intervals and power analysis.
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“A common property of statistics holds that sampling from restricted ranges of the total population usually biases ES downward, due to reduced variability (Bobko, Roth, & Bobko, 2001;Fritz, Morris, & Richler, 2012).”
From Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as Fritz, Morris, & Richler, 2012
In the citing paper
“Small-sample studies are generally more prone to bias, and the relatively large confidence intervals presented in these studies suggest high uncertainty around the point estimates [47, 48].”
From Depression, anxiety, PTSD, and OCD after stillbirth: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, reporting the effect size and its confidence intervals continues to be uncommon (Frias-Navarro et al., 2012; Fritz et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2013).”
From Misconceptions of the p-value among Chilean and Italian Academic Psychologists (2016) · cites this paper as Fritz et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“There are several websites that offer routines/programs for computing general or specific effect size estimators and their confidence intervals (Fritz et al., 2012; Peng et al., 2013).”
From Misconceptions of the p-value among Chilean and Italian Academic Psychologists (2016) · cites this paper as Fritz et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“This ratio does not reflect the typical demographic profile of the SCI population, where males often comprise 70-80% of individuals affected, which hinders the generalizability of the review findings to this population [43].”
From Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for people with spinal cord injury: a scoping review. (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
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“This type of effect size is normally recommended in cases where independent variables have more than two levels, and describes the proportion of variability accounted for by each independent variable (Fritz and Morris 2012).”
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Vartiainen, O., Elorinne, A., Niva, M., & Väisänen, P. (2020) · Journal of Insects as Food and Feed · doi:10.3920/jiff2019.0042 · Cited by 48
“The effect size r was calculated using formula r=z/√N (Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodLinking improvisational behavior, adaptive selling behavior and sales performance
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Suthatorn, P. (2020) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-05-2019-0235 · Cited by 48
Dinu, D., & Louis, J. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.598861 · Cited by 48
“In circumstances where normality was not displayed, the r (uses z-score from Mann-Whitney U-test) was used for effect size (Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodKievit, R., McCormick, E. M., Fuhrmann, D., Deserno, M. K., & Orben, A. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.003 · Cited by 49
Parents on the autism continuum: Links with parenting efficacy
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TacticUP Video Test for Soccer: Development and Validation
Machado, G., & Teoldo, I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01690 · Cited by 48
Romero-García, C., García, O. B., Sacristán, M., & Asencio, E. N. (2020) · Estudios sobre Educación · doi:10.15581/004.39.179-205 · Cited by 47
Balci, S., Spanhel, K., Sander, L., & Baumeister, H. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00569-x · Cited by 52
Berry, A. S., Blakely, R., Sarter, M. F., & Lustig, C. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.036 · Cited by 47
“Effect sizes are reported using η2G (Bakeman, 2005), which gives smaller values than the frequentlyused η2P but is preferable as it reduces error when comparing across studies (Fritz et al., 2012).”
Harper, L. D., Hunter, R., Parker, P., Goodall, S., Thomas, K., Howatson, G., West, D. J., Stevenson, E., & Russell, M. A. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001400 · Cited by 47
“8 considered as small, medium, and large ES, respectively (11).”
BackgroundGardner, R. M., Yengo-Kahn, A. M., Bonfield, C. M., & Solomon, G. S. (2016) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2017.1248221 · Cited by 47
“Effect sizes for the Mann–Whitney U comparisons were calculated as the correlation coefficient, r, via the formula r = z/√N, where z is the z-distribution of the nonparametric data and N is the total sample size in the comparison [46].”
MethodThe added value of kinematic evaluation of the timed finger-to-nose test in persons post-stroke
Johansson, G. M., Grip, H., Levin, M. F., & Häger, C. K. (2017) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-017-0220-7 · Cited by 47
“To estimate effect sizes within groups, the parametric test Glass’s d (mean difference/standard deviation of the controls) [31] was used, while the r tested effect sizes between subgroups by using the z-value from the nonparametric statistics [32].”
MethodŠpernjak, A., & Šorgo, A. (2017) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2017.1298532 · Cited by 47
“Margins were set at 0.2 (small); 0.5 (intermediate), and 0.8 (large) values (Fritz, Morris, and Richler 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeater-Deckard, K. D., Godwin, J. W., Lansford, J. E., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.06.002 · Cited by 51
Jung, H. C., Seo, M.-W., Lee, S., Kim, S.-W., & Song, J.-K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15092003 · Cited by 51
“Effect sizes (ESs) were reported by partial eta squared (ηp(2)) [30].”
MethodWilland, N., Maller, C. J., & Ridley, I. A. (2019) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.017 · Cited by 53
Sherman, A. D. F., Poteat, T., Budhathoki, C. B., Kelly, U. A., Clark, K. D., & Campbell, J. C. (2020) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2019.0336 · Cited by 50
Tabares, Á. S. G., Núñez, C., Osorio, M., & Caballo, V. E. (2020) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082020000300403 · Cited by 84
Villafaina, S., García, J. P. F., Gusi, N., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113483 · Cited by 47
Reliability and Validity of the Y-balance Test in Young Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain
Alshehre, Y. M., Alkhathami, K. M., Brizzolara, K. J., Weber, M. D., & Wang-Price, S. S. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.23430 · Cited by 46
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Stimulus competition mediates the joint effects of spatial and feature-based attention
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Choosing fusion: The effects of diversity ideologies on preference for culturally mixed experiences
Cho, J., Morris, M. W., Slepian, M. L., & Tadmor, C. T. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.013 · Cited by 51
“…any experimental effect that could not be uncovered with this sample size to be too small to bemeaningful (with 80% power, this sample size can detect a r effect size = 0.1609 at α = 0.05; calculated with R package “pwr”; Champely, 2013; see Fritz et al., 2012; Hsieh, Bloch, & Larsen, 1998).”
MethodInfluentialMascarin, N., de Lira, C. D., Vancini, R., Silva, A. D. D., & Andrade, M. (2017) · Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.01.003 · Cited by 41
The benefits and burdens of keeping others' secrets
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Training RAN or reading? A telerehabilitation study on developmental dyslexia
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van der Vaart, L. R., Vollebregt, A., Milani, A. L., Lagro‐Janssen, A. L. M., Duijnhoven, R. G., Roovers, J., & van der Vaart, C. H. (2021) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16950 · Cited by 46
Affective signal processing (ASP) : unraveling the mystery of emotions
van den Broek, E. L. (2011) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036532433 · Cited by 46
Ballmann, C. G., Maze, S. B., Wells, A. C., Marshall, M. R., & Rogers, R. R. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1538028 · Cited by 45
Prevalence and Risk-Markers of Self-Harm in Autistic Children and Adults
Licence, L., Oliver, C., Moss, J., & Richards, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04260-1 · Cited by 45
Mei, X.-H., Li, J., Li, Z.-S., Huang, S., Li, L.-L., Huang, Y., & Liu, J. (2022) · Health & Justice · doi:10.1186/s40352-022-00198-2 · Cited by 46
“, true mean difference) represented by the Cohen’s d (Fritz et al., 2012) across all six group memberships.”
MethodGender bias in teaching evaluations: the causal role of department gender composition
Aragón, O. R., Pietri, E. S., & Powell, B. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118466120 · Cited by 56
“There was a significant three-way interaction between department gender composition, course level, and educator gender (1 = female, 0 = male), b = −0.157, SE = 0.046, F (1, 4,487.85) = 11.47, P 0.001, effect size partial η 2 = 0.338 [ η 2 estimated through model variances (45)].”
InfluentialThe Effect of Lunate Morphology on the 3-Dimensional Kinematics of the Carpus
Bain, G. I., Clitherow, H. D. S., Millar, S. C., Fraysse, F., Costi, J. J., Eng, K., McGuire, D. T., & Thewlis, D. (2014) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.09.019 · Cited by 45
Shared and Distinct Patterns of Oligodendroglial Response in α-Synucleinopathies and Tauopathies
Rohan, Z., Milenković, I., Lutz, M. I., Matěj, R., & Kovács, G. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlw087 · Cited by 45
First aid as an important traffic safety factor – evaluation of the experience–based training
Kurečková, V., Gabrhel, V., Zámečník, P., Řezáč, P., Zaoral, A., & Hobl, J. (2017) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1007/s12544-016-0218-4 · Cited by 45
“As a result, rather than focusing on the level of statistical significance, analyses concentrated on the magnitude of the effect [11].”
Pietraszkiewicz, A., Soppe, B., & Formanowicz, M. (2017) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000319 · Cited by 46
Explicit Oral Narrative Intervention for Students with Williams Syndrome
Itza, E. D., Martínez, V., Perez, V. M., & Fernández-Urquiza, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02337 · Cited by 51
“…values of the size of the effect were calculated for each test: (i) dz from G∗Power; (ii) r “matched-pairs rank-biserial correlation” calculated from Kerby (2014) simple formula; (iii) Probability of Superiority (PS): common language effect size converted from dz following Fritz et al. (2012).”
BackgroundMethodTo Whom Do We Confide Our Secrets?
Slepian, M. L., & Kirby, J. N. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218756032 · Cited by 46
“In all studies, we recruited at least 200 participants (with 80% power, this sample size can detect an r effect size = .1966, at α = .05; see Fritz, Morris, & Richler, 2012).”
MethodEspírito‐Santo, H., & Daniel, F. (2018) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.31211/rpics.2018.4.1.72 · Cited by 50
Aune, A. A. G., Bishop, C. J., Turner, A. N., Papadopoulos, K., Budd, S., Richardson, M. C., & Maloney, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1486000 · Cited by 45
“Effect sizes were determined between time-points and between groups, these were calculated using Cohen’s d (Cohen, 1988; Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodCharacteristics of The Cancer Genome Atlas cases relative to U.S. general population cancer cases
Wang, X., Steensma, J. T., Bailey, M. H., Feng, Q., Padda, H., & Johnson, K. J. (2018) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0140-8 · Cited by 45
Veiga, G., Rodrigues, A. D., Lamy, E., Guiose, M., Pereira, C. L. N., & Marmeleira, J. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.008 · Cited by 60
Chará‐Serna, A. M., Epele, L. B., Morrissey, C. A., & Richardson, J. S. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.301 · Cited by 48
Alegre, F., Miravet, L. M., Maroto, A., & Valentín, G. L. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02491 · Cited by 52
Rosen, A. B., McGrath, M. L., & Maerlender, A. (2020) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2020.1723099 · Cited by 45
Symonds, J. E., Dietrich, J., Chow, A., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040118 · Cited by 53
A mechanistic view on lodging resistance in rye and wheat: a multiscale comparative study
Muszyńska, A., Guendel, A., Melzer, M., Moya, Y. A. T., Röder, M. S., Rolletschek, H., Rutten, T. L. M., Munz, E., Melz, G., Ortleb, S., et al. (2021) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.13689 · Cited by 44
A scoping review of interventions in primary science education
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“Common interpretations of small (0.2), moderate (0.5) and large (0.8) formed the basis of these analyses (Cohen & Cohen, 1983; Fritz et al., 2012); which echoes similar effect size classifications in large scale assessments such as Australia’s National Assessment Programme – Literacy and Numeracy…”
BackgroundInfluentialTowse, C., Hopping, G., Vulovic, I., & Daggett, V. (2014) · Protein Engineering Design and Selection · doi:10.1093/protein/gzu037 · Cited by 44
“Hence, to detect if the change of a central residue from an L- to D-configuration influenced the f/c distributions, effect size analysis was performed (Hedges and Olkin, 1985; Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodBird, B. M., Welling, L. L. M., Ortiz, T. L., Moreau, B. J. P., Hansen, S., Emond, M. H., Goldfarb, B., Bonin, P. L., & Carré, J. M. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.003 · Cited by 44
Kim, K., Müller, M. L. T. M., Bohnen, N. I., Sarter, M. F., & Lustig, C. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.006 · Cited by 46
Sexual orientation and neurocognitive ability: A meta‐analysis in men and women
Xu, Y., Norton, S., & Rahman, Q. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.014 · Cited by 39
“Then, we used the formula by Fritz et al. (2012) to transform Z to r, and then formula proposed by Rosenthal and DiMatteo (2001) to transform r to d.”
Parthasarathy, A. B., Gannon, K. P., Baker, W. B., Favilla, C. G., Balu, R., Kasner, S. E., Yodh, A. G., Detre, J. A., & Mullen, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17747833 · Cited by 44
Ferragut, C., Vila, H., Abraldes, J. A., & Manchado, C. (2018) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2018-0003 · Cited by 44
“…by the pooled standard deviation; it was considered trivial (0– 0.19), small (0.20–0.49), medium (0.50–0.79) or large (0.80 and greater) (Cohen, 1992; Fritz et al., 2012; Maszczyk et al., 2014, 2016): Journal of Human Kinetics - volume 63/2018 http://www.johk.pl Cohen's d = (M2 - M1) ⁄ SDpooled…”
BackgroundInfluentialPediatric Hearing Loss and Speech Recognition in Quiet and in Different Types of Background Noise
Goldsworthy, R. L., & Markle, K. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-17-0389 · Cited by 44
“Confidence intervals were estimated to compare effect sizes (Fritz, Morris, & Richler, 2012; Hedges & Olkin, 1985).”
MethodRecommending Comprehensive Solutions for Programming Tasks by Mining Crowd Knowledge
Silva, R. F. G., Roy, C. K., Rahman, M. M., Schneider, K. A., Paixão, K. V. R., & Maia, M. D. A. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC) · doi:10.1109/icpc.2019.00054 · Cited by 44
Machado, G., González‐Víllora, S., Sarmento, H., & Teoldo, I. (2020) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368 · Cited by 63
“Effect size for the Mann–Whitney tests was calculated through the formula described by (Fritz et al., 2012) as (r = Z/√n).”
MethodNisa, C. F., Bélanger, J. J., Faller, D. G., Buttrick, N. R., Mierau, J. O., Austin, M. M. K., Schumpe, B. M., Sasin, E. M., Agostini, M., Gützkow, B., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88314-4 · Cited by 44
Przepiórka, A., Błachnio, A., Cudo, A., & Kot, P. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104286 · Cited by 52
Ethics and Good Practice in Computational Paralinguistics
Batliner, A., Hantke, S., & Schuller, B. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3021015 · Cited by 30
“the recommendation of the APA to employ effect sizes in 1999 [165] and [170] where it is reported that more than ten years later, only half of the papers reported effect sizes.”
BackgroundMethodGeier, M. T., & Morris, J. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12359 · Cited by 61
“Based on the results of the AD test and the hypothesis emphasizing the difference in treatment effect between groups, inferential statistics employed a parametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), including effect size (Fritz et al., 2012; Van Breukelen, 2006).”
MethodWang, Q., Li, L., Mao, M., Sun, W., Zhang, C., Mao, D., & Song, Q. (2022) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2022.07.004 · Cited by 43
An Extractive-and-Abstractive Framework for Source Code Summarization
Sun, W., Fang, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., Tao, G., You, Y., Han, T., Ge, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, B., et al. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3632742 · Cited by 48
“Therefore, according to [23, 101], we use correlation coefficients to estimate the effect size of each comparison group, which is computed as r = z / √ n . z is Z -score and n is the number of observations in all groups [23].”
MethodMcLeod, L., Cappelleri, J. C., & Hays, R. D. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.120378 · Cited by 43
“One common effect size formula is the standardized mean difference (SMD) between 2 groups, which is computed as the difference in the mean values divided by a relevant SD such as the SD of the group designated as the control group, the pooled SD of the groups at baseline, or the pooled SD at follow-up (27, 28).”
BackgroundAcute stress recovery through listening to Melomics relaxing music: A randomized controlled trial
de la Torre‐Luque, A., Caparrós-González, R. A., Bastard, T., Vico, F. J., & Buela‐Casal, G. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2015.1131186 · Cited by 51
Williams-Bell, F. M., Aisbett, B., Murphy, B. A., & Larsen, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00815 · Cited by 43
“Partial eta-squared (η2p) was calculated for the dependent variables as a measure of effect size, with values for small, medium, and large effect sizes set at 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14, respectively (Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialKim, K., Müller, M. L. T. M., Bohnen, N. I., Sarter, M. F., & Lustig, C. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.012 · Cited by 44
“111 values than the eta squared (η2) or partial eta squared (η(2)p) values that are automatically generated by SPSS and other statistical packages (and which are thus more frequently reported), but is considered preferable as it as it allows comparison of effect sizes across studies, including across between-subjects…”
Oltra‐Cucarella, J., Sánchez‐SanSegundo, M., Lipnicki, D. M., Sachdev, P. S., Crawford, J. D., Pérez-Vicente, J. A., Cabello‐Rodríguez, L., Ferrer‐Cascales, R., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15412 · Cited by 46
Review on Statistical Modeling of Travel Time Variability for Road-Based Public Transport
Büchel, B., & Corman, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2020.00070 · Cited by 43
Gonçalves, L. G., Kalva‐Filho, C. A., Nakamura, F. Y., Rago, V., Afonso, J. R., Bedo, B. L. S., & Aquino, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145163 · Cited by 43
“The statistical package reported the appropriate “z” value, and the “n” refers to the sample size [32].”
MethodTaxonomic Knowledge of Children With and Without Cochlear Implants
Lund, E., & Dinsmoor, J. (2016) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2016_lshss-15-0032 · Cited by 42
Villafaina, S., Borrega-Mouquinho, Y., García, J. P. F., Collado‐Mateo, D., & Gusi, N. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010161 · Cited by 45
“The effect size (partial eta squared) was reported for each statistical test [41].”
MethodYamamoto, N., Sukegawa, S., Yamashita, K., Manabe, M., Nakano, K., Takabatake, K., Kawai, H., Ozaki, T., Kawasaki, K., Nagatsuka, H., et al. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080846 · Cited by 42
Cudo, A., Wojtasiński, M., Tużnik, P., Fudali-Czyż, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610438 · Cited by 42
“V [49] and φ [50] were used to assess effect size for the χ2 test.”
MethodNiu, X., Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, P., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Kong, X., Xie, S., & Xu, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119594 · Cited by 42
Automatic Commit Message Generation: A Critical Review and Directions for Future Work
Zhang, Y., Qiu, Z., Stol, K.-J., Zhu, W., Zhu, J., Tian, Y., & Liu, H. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2024.3364675 · Cited by 49
“If a statistically significant difference ( p .05) was found, we also calculated the effect size, which provides a measure of how large the difference is [65].”
BackgroundThe nature of experience determines object representations in the visual system.
Wong, Y. K., Folstein, J. R., & Gauthier, L. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0027822 · Cited by 42
Fucci, D., Scanniello, G., Romano, S., Shepperd, M., Sigweni, B., Uyaguari, F., Turhan, B., Juristo, N., & Oivo, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the ... ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement/International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement · doi:10.1145/2961111.2962592 · Cited by 46
“The re-sults, based on effects sizes [12], do not show solid evidence either in support, or against, TDD. Interestingly, when considering the academic context (i.e., the same as the baseline study, and this replication), TDD improves external quality of 24% with respect to a waterfall approach; 1…”
BackgroundVagni, D., Moscone, D., Travaglione, S., & Cotugno, A. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.10.002 · Cited by 42
Walker, L. S., Stone, A. L., Smith, C. A., Bruehl, S. P., Garber, J., Puzanovova, M., & Diedrich, A. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000942 · Cited by 42
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The influence of anxiety and attentional focus on visual search during adaptive gait.
Ellmers, T. J., & Young, W. R. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000615 · Cited by 41
Interictal Burden of Cluster Headache
Pohl, H., Gantenbein, A. R., Sándor, P. S., Schoenen, J. E., & Andrée, C. (2019) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13711 · Cited by 42
Dong, X., Xiang, Y., Zhao, J., Li, Q., Zhao, J., & Zhang, W. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12596 · Cited by 45
Increased serum levels of complement C1q in major depressive disorder
Yao, Q., & Li, Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110105 · Cited by 41
Askeland, K. G., Bøe, T., Lundervold, A. J., Stormark, K. M., & Hysing, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01268 · Cited by 42
“Eta-squared describes the proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variable (Fritz et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAbove- and below-ground effects of an ecosystem engineer ant in Mediterranean dry grasslands
Almeida, T. D., Mesleárd, F., Santonja, M., Gros, R., Dutoit, T., & Blight, O. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1840 · Cited by 42
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Fanciullacci, C., McKinney, Z., Monaco, V., Milandri, G. S., Davalli, A., Sacchetti, R., Laffranchi, M., Michieli, L. D., Baldoni, A., Mazzoni, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00944-x · Cited by 45
Alshehri, M. M., Alothman, S. A., Alenazi, A. M., Rucker, J. L., Phadnis, M. A., Miles, J. M., Siengsukon, C. F., & Kluding, P. M. (2020) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00612-6 · Cited by 41
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal‐León, C., White, M., Vivanco-Vidal, A., Saroli-Araníbar, D., Peña-Calero, B. N., & Moreta‐Herrera, R. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1865480 · Cited by 42
“The effect size (ES) was calculated using Cohen’s d, where values of .20, .50, and .80 indicate a small, medium, and large ES respectively (Fritz et al., 2012).”
MethodSchneider, V., & Rohmann, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623935 · Cited by 71
“To address concerns about the accuracy of effect size estimates from small samples, as well as a possible overestimation bias in eta-squared (Morris, 2008; Fritz et al., 2012; Lakens and Evers, 2014), additional confidence intervals and alternative effect sizes were calculated where possible (Lenhard and Lenhard, 2016…”
MethodAckerman, R., & Leiser, D. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12021 · Cited by 43
Juster, R., Almeida, D. M., Cardoso, C., Raymond, C., Johnson, P. J., Pfaus, J. G., Mendrek, A., Duchesne, A., Pruessner, J. C., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.011 · Cited by 40
“In all such analyses, effect sizes are reported throughout and can be interpreted according to the following conventions: 2P ∼= 0.01 represents a small effect, 2P ∼= 0.06 a medium effect, and 2P ∼= 0.14 constitute a large effect (Fritz et al., 2012).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- ORCID
- Richler, Jennifer J.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2-18
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2148540129
- Cited by
- 5,199
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 484 · 2025: 626 · 2024: 516 · 2023: 502 · 2022: 581 · 2021: 607 · 2020: 491 · 2019: 339 · 2018: 293 · 2017: 239 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 61.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2011-10-24)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- effect size, effect size reporting, confidence intervals, power analysis, partial eta squared, Cohen's d, analysis of variance, t-test, statistical reporting
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Statistics as Topic, Sample Size
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