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Using I³ theory to clarify when dispositional aggressiveness predicts intimate partner violence perpetration.
Abstract
Deriving hypotheses from I³ theory (pronounced "I-cubed theory"), the authors conducted 4 studies to clarify the circumstances under which dispositional aggressiveness predicts intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Consistent with the hypothesis that this link would be stronger when inhibitory processes are weak rather than strong, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that dispositional aggressiveness was an especially robust predictor of IPV perpetration among people experiencing self-regulatory strength depletion. Consistent with the hypothesis that this Dispositional Aggressiveness × Inhibition interaction effect would be stronger when instigating triggers are strong rather than weak, Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that dispositional aggressiveness was an especially robust predictor of IPV perpetration among people characterized by both weak inhibition (poor executive control in Study 3, depletion in Study 4) and strong instigation (provocation in both studies). These effects were robust in studies employing experimental and nonexperimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal methods, dating and married participants, self-report and behavioral measures of IPV perpetration, and diverse operationalizations of all constructs. Discussion emphasizes the importance of incorporating instigating, impelling, and inhibiting processes into theoretical and empirical analyses of IPV perpetration.
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In the citing paper
“alcohol use is a well-documented risk and instigatory factor for dating aggression (Finkel et al., 2012; Rothman, McNaughton Reyes, et al., 2012; Shorey, Stuart, & Cornelius, 2011).”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Finkel et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Consequently, the likelihood of aggression is highest when instigating and impelling factors are high and inhibiting factors are low (Finkel et al., 2012).”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Finkel et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“This theory states that instigating, impelling, and inhibiting factors explain interactions that escalate to partner violence (Finkel et al., 2012).”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Finkel et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“mindfulness could be considered an inhibitory factor.”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Finkel et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with the I-Cubed theory (Finkel et al., 2012) and research, in which acute alcohol use reduces inhibition, increasing the likelihood of cue interpretation as aggressive, and responding with instigatory cues”
From Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults. (2018) · cites this paper as Finkel et al., 2012
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BackgroundNeural mechanisms of intimate partner aggression
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“, (42)] and Alcohol Myopia Theory (43).”
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“, high trait aggression, negative emotionality) strengthened the association between self-control resource depletion and being physically aggressive with one’s partner (Finkel et al., 2012; Watkins et al., 2013).”
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“Finkel et al. (2012) describe these occasional episodes of partner aggression as reflecting a “perfect storm,” in which an individual with low self-control or a tendency toward aggression feels provoked by his or her partner and is unable to inhibit aggressive urges in the situation.”
BackgroundProxies of Emotion Dysregulation and Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: A Latent Profile Analysis.
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Self-citationGodfrey, D. A., Bennett, V. E., & Babcock, J. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00162-4 · Cited by 3
“strong instigator, a strong impelling force, and a weak inhibiting force (Finkel et al. 2012).”
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“This is an intriguing possibility because this potential effect—increased self-control leading to increased harsh behaviors—would run counter many effects from the general aggression literature (e.g., Finkel et al., 2012).”
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“impelling factors, such as trait aggressiveness (Denson et al., 2012; DeWall et al., 2011; Finkel, 2014; Finkel et al., 2012; Slotter et al., 2012).”
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“Inhibition plays a crucial role in the display of aggression (Finkel 2007; Finkel et al. 2012).”
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Psychological drivers of men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence against women
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Conflict Escalation in Intimate Relationships: An Event-Based Structural Model.
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The Alcohol–Jealousy–Anger Triad: Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence Against Men
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“This process is effectively explained by the I³ (Instigation – Impellance – Inhibition) framework, where jealousy acts as an instigating provocation and alcohol weakens inhibitory controls, allowing anger to serve as the impelling force for aggression (Finkel et al., 2011; Sprunger et al., 2015).”
InfluentialHigh trait emotional intelligence lessens the impact of the dark triad on trolling propensity
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“The I 3 framework posits that aggression emerges under “perfect storm” conditions, wherein impelling and insti-gating factors are strong while inhibitory control is weak (Finkel et al., 2012; Slotter et al., 2012).”
Poole, E. J., Basting, E. J., Son, S. W. J., Jensen, M. C., Medenblik, A. M., & Stuart, G. L. (2026) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2026.2635967
“An example of a dispositional disinhibitory factor is weak executive control (Finkel et al., 2012), whereas alcohol use is well-supported as a situational disinhibitory factor (Parrott & Eckhardt, 2018; Subramani et al., 2017).”
Men’s Emotion Regulation Flexibility and Sexual Assault Perpetration
Kirwan, M., & Mendivil, L. A. (2026) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2026.2631738
“An impellor is a factor which increases an individual’s readiness or urge to act aggressively (Finkel et al., 2012; Slotter & Finkel, 2011).”
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Aggression: The Role of Emotion Regulation
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Cyber intimate partner aggression in adulthood: the role of insecure attachment and self-control
Booth, N., Derefaka, G., Khan, R., & Brewer, G. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-03-2023-0015
Substanzkonsum – Sucht – Gewalt: Zusammenhänge, Risiken, Prävention
Klein, M. (2022) · Suchttherapie · doi:10.1055/a-1726-0157
Chen, M. S., Reyes, H. L. M., & Foshee, V. A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad487 · Cited by 1
Freeman, R. C. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218781924
“The past few years also have seen the development of the so-called I3 model (Finkel et al., 2012) as well as the resource model of self-control (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000), both of which are likely to play prominent roles in future work on intervention development for partner violence.”
MethodAnger and Interpersonal Aggression
Alia-Klein, N., Falkner, A. L., Miczek, K., & de Almeida, R. D. (2020) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88963-904-5
Soma, T., Nishimura, T., & Takagaki, K. (2017) · doi:10.2132/personality.26.1.3
“…れてない。 条件（Mean＝0.06）と非協調条件（Mean＝－0.05） でのエラー数の違い（Welch’s t＝0.11, df＝50, p＝.60）もいずれも有意でなく，攻撃性が高かろ うと低かろうと，またゲーム相手が協調的に振る 舞おうが非協調的に振る舞おうが，制御課題エ ラー数に大きな違いもみられていない。 協調・非協調条件の操作の妥当性を確認するた めに，ゲーム課題時の相手への印象について，性 別（男性が1で女性が2），攻撃性，制御課題時間， 制御課題エラー数，協調（－0.5）か非協調（0.5） かの条件の違いを説明変数とする重回帰分析を…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., McNulty, J. K., Pond, R. S., & Atkins, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Villanova University (US)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 533-549
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2107978776
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-719780)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, violence perpetration, inhibitory control, provocation, incitement, executive function, dating violence, married couples
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aggression, Female, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Marriage, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Temperament, Domestic Violence, Young Adult
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