Cited by 650Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesCounseling Practices and Supervision

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

Open access

Pieterse, Alex L., Todd, Nathan R., Neville, Helen A., Carter, Robert T.·2012·Journal of Counseling Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the associations between racism and mental health among Black Americans. Using a random-effects model, we found a positive association between perceived racism and psychological distress (r = .20). We found a moderation effect for psychological outcomes, with anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms having a significantly stronger association than quality of life indicators. We did not detect moderation effects for type of racism scale, measurement precision, sample type, or type of publication. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0026208

Cites

90 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 91 references

1 of the 91 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 650

Biopsychosocial Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among First-Generation Black African Immigrants
Saasa, S., & Miller, S. (2021) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swab038 · Cited by 13
Racism as a Social Determinant of Health for Newcomers towards Disrupting the Acculturation Process
Naidu, J., Paolucci, E. O., & Turin, T. C. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc13010002 · Cited by 11
The Science and Practice of Prevention from Multicultural and Social Justice Perspectives
Wong, Y. J., Vaughan, E. L., & Klann, E. M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316104453.007 · Cited by 11
African American student sociocultural adjustment to Thai international higher education
Rhein, D. L. (2018) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2018.1440349 · Cited by 11
Experimental Psychopathology at the Crossroads: Reflections on Past, Present, and Future Contributions to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Ouimet, A. J., Dixon‐Luinenburg, T., & Rooyakkers, M. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00093-4 · Cited by 13
Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy
Qureshi, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24082-0_9 · Cited by 11
Exploring public health education’s integration of critical race theories: A scoping review
Collins, S. L., Smith, T. C., Hack, G., & Moorhouse, M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1148959 · Cited by 10
Black women's distress matters: Examining gendered racial disparities in psycho‐oncology referral rates
Aburizik, A., Brindle, M., Johnson, E. T., Provencio, A., Kivlighan, D. M., & LeBeau, B. C. (2023) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6134 · Cited by 12
Radical Healing Community-Based Participatory Research to Eliminate Health Disparities
Roncoroni, J., & Tucker, C. M. (2024) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000241234311 · Cited by 10
The Role of Neighborhood Experiences in Psychological Distress Among African American and White Smokers
Scheuermann, T. S., Onge, J. M. S., Ramaswamy, M., Cox, L. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Nollen, N. L. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09281-5 · Cited by 10
Black Student-Athletes and racism pandemic: Building antiracist practices in athletics
Economou, P. J., Glascock, T., & Gamble, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2022.2040650 · Cited by 11
Modeling racial disparities in physical health via close relationship functioning: A life course approach
Doyle, D. M., Factor-Litvak, P. R., & Link, B. G. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.002 · Cited by 14
LIVING WITHIN THE VEIL:
Bailey-Fakhoury, C., & Mitchell, D. (2018) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x1800022x · Cited by 13
“Let’s talk about the real issue”: Localized perceptions of environment and implications for ecosocial work practice
Kang, J., Fabbre, V. D., & Ekenga, C. C. (2019) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2019.1657218 · Cited by 10
Perceived Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms: Is the Cognitive Triad a Moderator or Mediator?
Berghuis, K. J., Pössel, P., & Pittard, C. M. (2019) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09537-1 · Cited by 11
Existential‐Humanistic Counseling With Young Black Men in Judicial Settings
Stare, B. G., & Fernando, D. M. (2020) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12133 · Cited by 10
The Association between Racial Discrimination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Cardiovascular-Related Conditions Among Non-Hispanic Blacks: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III)
Gavin, A. R., Woo, B., Conway, A., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00943-z · Cited by 9
Cross-Cultural and Cognitive-Affective Models of Suicide Risk
Klibert, J., Barefoot, K. N., Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., Warren, J. C., & Smalley, K. B. (2014) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414525967 · Cited by 13
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Black Adolescents Based on the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Baiden, P., LaBrenz, C. A., Kim, Y. J., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Thrasher, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984231170494 · Cited by 11
The Role of Perceived Unjust Treatment in Unmet Needs for Primary Care Among Finnish Roma Adults
Lämsä, R., Castaneda, A. E., Weiste-Paakkanen, A., Laalo, M., Koponen, P., & Kuusio, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165825 · Cited by 9
WOKE
Sandifer, M. C., Gibson, E. M., & Brant-Rajahn, S. N. (2020) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7319-8.ch002 · Cited by 9
“Mentally you don’t function the same”: a Qualitative Examination of the Normalization, Embodiment, and Psychological Impact of Everyday Racism
Lewis, K. R., Grossman, K., Jones, N. E., & Horner, M. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01548-y · Cited by 9
Negative Emotional Reactivity to Minority Stress: Measure Development and Testing
Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J., Garey, L., Woody, M. L., Otto, M. W., Clausen, B. K., Smit, T., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., & Buitron, V. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2260560 · Cited by 9
“Just Trying to Make it Through”: Understanding Transitions Into Motherhood Among Young Black Women Amidst Trauma, Racism, and Structural Oppression
Wycoff, K., Dunbar, A. S., Felter, J. M., Bohn, G., Foleno, F., Wilson, J. W., & Miller, J. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984231223000 · Cited by 9
Racial disparities in the prevalence and determinants of anxiety symptoms among Arab, Asian, Black, Indigenous, White, and Mixed-racial individuals in Canada: The major role of racial discrimination
Farahi, S. M. M. M., & Cénat, J. M. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116710 · Cited by 9
An Examination of Discrimination on Stress, Depression, and Oppression-Based Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Racial Awakening of 2020
Leon, A. N. D., Woerner, J. I., Dvorak, R. D., Cox, J. M., Magri, T. D., Hayden, E. R., Ahuja, M., & Haeny, A. M. (2023) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470231152953 · Cited by 11
The Association Between Racialized Discrimination in Health Care and Pain Among Black Patients With Mental Health Diagnoses
Hammett, P. J., Eliacin, J., Saenger, M. S., Allen, K. D., Meis, L. A., Krein, S. L., Taylor, B. C., Branson, M., Fu, S. S., & Burgess, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.08.004 · Cited by 9
Rage and social media: The effect of social media on perceptions of racism, stress appraisal, and anger expression among young African American adults
Maxwell, M. L. (2016) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/q5js-re57 · Cited by 8
Threats to Belonging and Health: Understanding the Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic using Decades of Research
Jaremka, L. M., Kane, H. S., & Bell, A. V. (2022) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12086 · Cited by 15
Comparative Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention (M-Body) on Depressive Symptoms: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC)
Burnett-Zeigler, I., Zhou, E., Martinez, J. H., Zumpf, K., Lartey, L., Moskowitz, J. T., Wisner, K. L., McDade, T., Brown, C. H., Gollan, J., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-07012-2 · Cited by 9
A two-way street: Immigrants’ mental health challenges, resilience, and contributions
Shea, M., & Wong, Y. J. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.07.010 · Cited by 8
Racism-related experiences and substance use: A systematic and meta-analytic review
Ebrahimi, C. T., Song, H., Machado, M., Segura, P., Espinosa, A., & Polanco-Roman, L. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117434 · Cited by 9
Preconceitos que se Cruzam: A Relação entre o Racismo, Sexismo e Valores
Amorim, A. K. F., Barbosa, L. H. G. M., Vione, K. C., Ferreira, O. D. L., Mariano, T. E., & Silva, F. L. (2021) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260205 · Cited by 14
Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in the Incidence and Adverse Effects of Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Chicago Youth
Zimmerman, G. M., Trovato, D., & Miller-Smith, A. (2022) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-022-09367-2 · Cited by 10
Predicting the Behavioral Health Needs of Asian Americans in Public Mental Health Treatment: A Classification Tree Approach
Hong, S., Walton, B. A., Kim, H., & Rhee, T. G. (2023) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-023-01266-x · Cited by 9
Haitian and Haitian American experiences of racism and socioethnic discrimination in Miami‐Dade county: At‐risk and court‐involved youth
Cela, T., Marcelin, L. H., Waldman, R., Dembo, R., Demezier, D., Clement, R., Arcayos, A., Santisteban, D. A., Jean-Gilles, M. M., & Hogue, A. (2022) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12764 · Cited by 9
Residential segregation and prenatal depression in a non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic cohort in North Carolina
Haight, S. C., Maselko, J., Ghastine, L., Hoyo, C., & Martin, C. L. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.04.015 · Cited by 8
Is it Racist? Addressing Racial Microaggressions in Counselor Training
Malott, K. M., Paone, T. R., Schaefle, S. E., & Gao, J. (2015) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2014.988312 · Cited by 13
Ethnicity and Migration
Vieluf, S. (2016) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45357-6_6 · Cited by 8
What do allies do?: Providing culturally responsive counseling to communities of color
Hipolito‐Delgado, C. P., & Saeman, R. R. (2017) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology · doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v51i2.342 · Cited by 8
Perceived Everyday Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms: Does Cognitive Style Mediate?
Hayes, L. R., Pössel, P., & Roane, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12291 · Cited by 8
Reactions to an Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy for GAD: Giving Voice to the Experiences of Clients From Marginalized Backgrounds
Fuchs, C. H., West, L. M., Graham, J. R., Kalill, K. S., Morgan, L. P. K., Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.09.004 · Cited by 7
Abolitionist Feminism, Liberation Psychology, and Latinx Migrant Womxn,”
Domínguez, D. (2022) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2022.2097595 · Cited by 7
Racial socialization and discrimination-related psychological distress in middle-aged Black men and women.
Anderson, A. T., Doyle, D. M., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Cohn, B. A., & Link, B. G. (2023) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000687 · Cited by 11
The Unique Associations Between Ethnic Discrimination, Hope, Anxiety, Depression, and Well-being in African American, Asian, and Hispanic Adults
Murphy, E. R., Brooks, J. R., & Gallagher, M. W. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00144-z · Cited by 7
Stigma, Health, and Individual Differences
Mendoza‐Denton, R., & Leitner, J. B. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.20 · Cited by 7
“Why is my skin so intimidating to you?”: Exploring social connectivity and racial identity of youth of color with foster care experience
Ludeke, R. D. (2022) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2022.2125483 · Cited by 8
From identity-based distress to thinking “I am better off being dead:” Minority stress, posttraumatic cognitions, and suicidal ideation
Jeon, M. E., Robison, M., Robertson, L., Udupa, N. S., Potter, M. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.064 · Cited by 7
History and Development of Cultural Competence Evaluation in Applied Psychology
Frisby, C. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_3 · Cited by 7
Ties that bind: community attachment and the experience of discrimination among Black men who have sex with men
Sluytman, L. G. V., Spikes, P., Nandi, V., Tieu, H., Frye, V. A., Patterson, J., & Koblin, B. A. (2015) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1004762 · Cited by 7
Culturally Responsive Assessment and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Graham-LoPresti, J. R., Abdullah, T., & Calloway, A. (2020) · Handbook of Cultural Factors in Behavioral Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32229-8_17 · Cited by 6
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health
Canady, M. T., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., & Harlow, A. F. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.04.013 · Cited by 10
Untangling the Web: A Phenomenological Analysis of Social Workers’ Critical Reflections on Racism in Social Work and Antiracism Efforts in Contemporary Practice
Benedict, M., Quezada-Horne, N. M., Bender, D. A., & Campbell, T. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241253013 · Cited by 6
Hate Speech
Ruscher, J. B. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009534666 · Cited by 8
Development of a machine learning-based multivariable prediction model for the naturalistic course of generalized anxiety disorder
Basterfield, C., & Newman, M. G. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102978 · Cited by 7
Designing Digital Mental Health Tools to Support the Needs of Black Adults in the United States: Qualitative Analysis
Popowski, S. A., Meyerhoff, J., Allen, O. M., Nguyen, T., McCall, T., Pederson, A. B., Reddy, M. C., Mohr, D. C., & Kornfield, R. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/73279 · Cited by 7
Black Racial Identity, Perceived Support, and Mental Health Within Dyadic Relationships
Hubbard, S. A., Lakey, B., Jones, S. C. T., & Cage, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221079209 · Cited by 7
Race-Based Rejection Sensitivity and the Integrated Motivational Volitional Model of Suicide in a Sample of Black Women
Clement, D. N., Awad, S. A., Oliphant, V. N., & Wingate, L. R. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221147265 · Cited by 7
African-Centered Spirituality as a Buffer of Psychological Symptoms Related to Specific Forms of Racism for African Americans
Greer, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984231222313 · Cited by 6
Profiles of Black Emerging Adults Exposure to Racism-Based Police Violence and Associated Mental Health Outcomes
Motley, R., Williamson, E., Pieterse, A. L., & Harris, M. G. (2024) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241240182 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Contemporary Racism in Australia
Elias, A., Mansouri, F., & Paradies, Y. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2137-6_5 · Cited by 6
Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: What role does the cognitive triad play?
Sacco, A., Pössel, P., & Roane, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23452 · Cited by 6
The Strong Black Woman Archetype and Therapeutic Outcomes: Examining Relationships Among Women with Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories
Subhan, B. A., & Johnson, V. E. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01472-7 · Cited by 6
Criterion A and Non-Criterion A Racial Discrimination Experiences, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Cognitions Among Black or African Americans
Wamser‐Nanney, R. A., & Richardson, J. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231222286 · Cited by 6
The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban Expecting Couples’ Mental Health
Gordon, D. M., Campbell, C., Washington, K., Albritton, T., Divney, A., Magriples, U., & Kershaw, T. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0313-5 · Cited by 6
Examining the factor structure of the perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire in a sample of Australian university students
Pieterse, A. L., Nicolas, A. I., & Monachino, C. (2016) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2016.1265998 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
How Racial Microaggressions Impact the Mental Health of Black Women of Different Occupational Prestige
Reid, E. (2017) · Cited by 6
Discrimination and sexual risk among Caribbean Latinx young adults
Verissimo, A. D. O., Dyer, T. V., Friedman, S. R., & Gee, G. C. (2018) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1444148 · Cited by 6
Evaluating Predictors of Treatment Seeking Behaviors Across Race
Wahby, M., Soloski, K. L., & Schleiden, C. (2018) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2018.1513311 · Cited by 6
Talking about the Trayvon Martin Case in Psychology and Conseling Training and Psychotheraphy
Dale, S. K., & Daniel, J. H. (2013) · Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology · doi:10.33043/jsacp.5.1.37-49 · Cited by 6
Profiles of sleep and depression risk among Caribbean Blacks
Lincoln, K. D., Ailshire, J., Nguyen, A. W., Taylor, R. J., Govia, I., & Ifatunji, M. A. (2019) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2019.1620179 · Cited by 6
Experiences of Name-Based Microaggressions within the South Asian American Population
Srinivasan, R. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-3ym2-0m78 · Cited by 6
Counter-Effects of Ethnic and Racial Identity (ERI) as a Buffer against Perceived Racial Discrimination among Asian Immigrants
Choi, S., Weng, S. S., Park, H., & Hong, J.-Y. (2020) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2020.1716598 · Cited by 6
Negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress among Black adults who smoke
Zvolensky, M. J., Clausen, B. K., Thai, J. M., Redmond, B. Y., & Garey, L. (2024) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2024.2428591 · Cited by 5
Heterogeneity in racist events and posttraumatic mental health among Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) first responders
Jin, L., Compton, S. E., Al-Khaz’Aly, H., & Contractor, A. A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2447202 · Cited by 5
Troubling the Definition of Black Resilience in STEM ‐ CS Education
Mensah, F. M., & Pierre, T. (2025) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.22027 · Cited by 6
Gendered racial microaggressions, self-silencing, and disordered eating in Black women
Parker, J. E., Enders, C. K., Tomiyama, A. J., & Hunger, J. M. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101901 · Cited by 7
Does Family Context Moderate the Effects of Discrimination on Emerging Adults’ Health?
Kim, Y., Schacter, H. L., Corner, G. W., Rasmussen, H. F., & Margolin, G. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21993196 · Cited by 5
A systematic review of rural community-based mental health interventions in the United States
Mengell, K. A., Chikawa, M. M. N., Weinstein, J. N., Welch, R. J., Smallwood, S. W., & Hansen, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2361229 · Cited by 5
Vicarious Experiences with Police Violence: Examining Psychosocial Factors that Predict Black Individuals’ Negative Affect and Intentions to Engage in Collective Action
Sheehan, B. E., Totonchi, D. A., & Derlega, V. J. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241307181 · Cited by 5
The relationship between racial discrimination in healthcare, loneliness, and mental health among Black Philadelphia residents
Yu, H., Bauermeister, J. A., Oyiborhoro, U., Villarruel, A. M., & Bonett, S. (2025) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-025-02475-6 · Cited by 6
Psychological Distress, Alcohol Misuse and Stigma to Seek Psychological Help in a Community Sample of Sexual Diverse Women of Color
Cerezo, A., & O’Shaughnessy, T. (2021) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2021.1868374 · Cited by 5
Sleep and Fatigue as Mediators of Racial Discrimination and Internalizing Symptoms in Black Adolescent-Caregiver Dyads
Shipman-Lacewell, J. R., Hagiwara, N., Green, T., Jones, H. A., Belgrave, F. Z., & Valrie, C. R. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01069-6 · Cited by 5
‘Built on my B(l)ack’: racial capitalism and anti-Blackness in predominantly white institutions of higher education
Jashnani, G. (2024) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2024.2327026 · Cited by 5
The process of change in ethnic minority males undergoing psychodynamic psychotherapy: a detailed comparison of two cases
Dolev, T., Zilcha‐Mano, S., Chui, H. T., Barrett, M. S., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2018) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2017.1417323 · Cited by 6
Risk and protective processes in the link between racial discrimination and Chinese American mothers’ psychologically controlling parenting.
Xue, X., Cheah, C. S. L., & Hart, C. H. (2022) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000545 · Cited by 7
Everyday Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms among Gujarati Adults: Gender Difference in the Role of Social Support
Yoshihama, M., Hong, J. S., & Yan, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148674 · Cited by 5
Examining the associations between PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol-related problems in a sample of low-SES treatment-seeking Black/African American adults
Fischer, I. C., Bennett, M. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Kok, B. C., & Roche, D. J. O. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.060 · Cited by 5
Addressing Racial Disparities in Behavior-Analytic Services: Provider and Trainee Awareness, Competency, and Systemic Action
Luna, O., Petri, J. M., & Nuhu, N. N. (2022) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-022-00117-y · Cited by 5
Racism and Mental Health: Are Schools Hostile Learning Environments for Students of Color?
Masko, A. L. (2014) · Language arts journal of Michigan · doi:10.9707/2168-149x.2045 · Cited by 5
Psychometric Evaluation of Data From the Race-Related Events Scale
Crusto, C. A., Dantzler, J., Roberts, Y. H., & Hooper, L. M. (2015) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175615578735 · Cited by 5
Binge drinking following residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans with and without alcohol use disorder
Meshberg‐Cohen, S., Gross, G. M., Kachadourian, L. K., & Harpaz‐Rotem, I. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.024 · Cited by 5
The Glass Is Half Full: The Need to Promote Positive Mental Health in Black College Students
Mushonga, D. R. (2019) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2019.1686857 · Cited by 9
Effect of racism on African American women's development of psychological distress: The role of psychological well-being and racism-related social support
Yang, J. (2014) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1844 · Cited by 5
Gender differences in perceived racism threat and activism during the Black Lives Matter social justice movement for Black young adults
Lafreniere, B., Audet, É. C., Kachanoff, F., Christophe, N. K., Holding, A. C., Janusauskas, L., & Koestner, R. (2023) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23043 · Cited by 4
Memorable Messages About Racism in Black Families: Attributions, Intergenerational Transmission, and Well-Being
Nelson, L. R., & Minniear, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2025.2467701 · Cited by 4
Socioecological factors linked to co-occurring early childhood sleep health disparities and developmental outcomes: protocol for the sleep in preschoolers cross-sectional study
Uwah, E. A., Cicalese, O., Davis, B., Neelapu, M., Steinberg, G., Handa, A., Johnson, T. J., Mindell, J. A. A., Njoroge, W., Stefanovski, D., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100956 · Cited by 4
Hijab, Solo Status, Discrimination, and Distress among Muslim Women in the U.S.
Hashem, H. M., & Awad, G. H. (2024) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000241242808 · Cited by 7
Contextualizing school discipline: Examining the role of general peer and teacher discrimination at the individual‐ and school‐level on individual suspension
Trovato, D., & Zimmerman, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12968 · Cited by 5
Health Impact of Racism-Based Experiences Among Black African Immigrant Adults in the United States: An Integrative Review
Motley, R., Walker, D. T., Willock, J., & Byansi, W. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241253827 · Cited by 5

Authors: Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
DePaul University (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Pieterse, Alex L.
Todd, Nathan R.
Neville, Helen A.
Carter, Robert T.
Venue: Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-9
ISSN: 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
1939-2168
DOI: 10.1037/a0026208
OpenAlex: W2154539735
Cited by: 649
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 62.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords: perceived racism, mental health, African Americans, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, racial discrimination
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Prejudice, Quality of Life, Social Perception, Black People

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks