Paternal postpartum depression: The role of maternal postpartum depression, spousal support, and relationship satisfaction.
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Partner support is associated with postpartum depression.
“These findings align with research demonstrating an association between partner support and postpartum depression [83] and are particularly notable given that the quality of the intimate relationship emerged as protective for fathers but not for mothers.”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [83]
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Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000660 · Cited by 2,272 · see citing works
Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: an updated meta-analysis
Cameron, E. E., Sedov, I. D., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Vismara, L., Rollè, L., Agostini, F., Sechi, C., Fenaroli, V., Molgora, S., Neri, E., Prino, L. E., Odorisio, F., Trovato, A., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00938 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“To summarize, in our research, and in line with previous studies (Kim and Swain, 2007; Paulson and Bazemore, 2010; Figueiredo and Conde, 2011; Don and Mickelson, 2012), compared to fathers, mothers have higher scores on all selfreport measures of parenting stress, anxiety, and depression, and all…”
ResultStress in fathers in the perinatal period: A systematic review
Philpott, L. F., Leahy-Warren, P., FitzGerald, S., & Savage, E. (2017) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.016 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Helle, N., Barkmann, C., Bartz-Seel, J., Diehl, T., Ehrhardt, S., Hendel, A., Nestoriuc, Y., Schulte-Markwort, M., von der Wense, A., & Bindt, C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Two recent studies on parents of term infants reported similarly low EPDS means scores (Figueiredo and Conde, 2011; Wynter et al., 2013) compared to the scores reported here. However, as our results indicate, the EPDS still identified considerably more cases than the SCID-I as the reference standard for confirming a c…”
BackgroundResultAnxiety in fathers in the perinatal period: A systematic review
Philpott, L. F., Savage, E., FitzGerald, S., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2019) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2019.05.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Figueiredo, B., Canário, C., Tendais, I., Pinto, T. M., Kenny, D. A., & Field, T. M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.064 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Fisher, S. D., Cobo, J., Figueiredo, B., Fletcher, R. J., Garfield, C. F., Hanley, J., Ramchandani, P. G., & Singley, D. B. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01171-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Because partner support and relationship satisfaction are key factors in the development of maternal and paternal depression as well as involvement with their infant (Don and Mickelson 2012; Figueiredo et al.”
BackgroundPredictors of Postpartum Depression in Partnered Mothers and Fathers from a Longitudinal Cohort
The APrON Team, Leung, B. M. Y., Letourneau, N. L., Giesbrecht, G. F., Ntanda, H. N., & Hart, M. J. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0060-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Similar to mothers (O’Hara 2009), fathers’ depressive symptoms are associated with lower education, more stressful life events, less social support, smaller social networks, more aggression within their partnerships and partners’ depression (Deater-Deckard et al. 1998; Don and Mickelson 2012).”
Men’s perinatal mental health in the transition to fatherhood.
Singley, D. B., & Edwards, L. M. (2015) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000032 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gross, C., & Marcussen, K. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0629-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…is not consistent with some research in this area regarding the significance of maternal PPD as a predictor of paternal PPD (Goodman 2004b), it is consistent with recent research that shows the relationship between paternal and maternal depression to be indirect in nature (Don and Mickelson 2012).”
Desta, M., Memiah, P. T. N., Kassie, B., Ketema, D. B., Amha, H., Getaneh, T., & Bitew, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.053 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A review of partner‐inclusive interventions for preventing postnatal depression and anxiety
Pilkington, P. D., Whelan, T. A., & Milne, L. C. (2015) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12054 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Suto, M., Emi, I., Mizutani, F., Kakee, N., Misago, C., & Takehara, K. (2016) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21728 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Midwives’ perceptions and experiences of engaging fathers in perinatal services
Rominov, H., Giallo, R., Pilkington, P. D., & Whelan, T. A. (2017) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2016.12.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Postnatal depression in Mexican American fathers: Demographic, cultural, and familial predictors
Roubinov, D. S., Luecken, L. J., Crnic, K. A., & Gonzales, N. A. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.038 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…relationship on fathers’ postpartum depressive symptoms has been relatively unexplored, however preliminary evidence identifies low relationship satisfaction as a correlate of paternal PPD (Wee et al., 2011) and an important mechanism relating maternal and paternal PPD (Don & Mickelson, 2012).”
BackgroundVolling, B. L., Yu, T., Gonzalez, R., Tengelitsch, E., & Stevenson, M. M. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000743 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…relationship quality (Coyne, Thompson, & Palmer, 2002; Davis, Davis, Freed, & Clark, 2011; deMontigny, Girard, Lacharité, Dubeau, & Devault, 2013; Don & Mickelson, 2012; Matthey, Barnett, Ungerer, & Waters, 2000; Oh, Volling, & Gonzalez, 2015; Thomason et al., 2014; Thorp, Krause, Cukrowicz, &…”
BackgroundResultAnxiety and depressive symptoms in women and men from early pregnancy to 30 months postpartum
Canário, C., & Figueiredo, B. (2017) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2017.1368464 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…has research started to include both members of the couple as participants, and point out that women’s and men’s postpartum depression symptoms are positively associated (e.g. Don & Mickelson, 2012; Kerstis, Engström, Edlund, & Aarts, 2013; Perren, von Wyl, Bürgin, Simoni, & von Klitzing, 2005).”
BackgroundDepression Following Major Life Transitions in Women: A Review and Theory
Moustafa, A. A., Crouse, J. J., Herzallah, M. M., Salama, M., Mohamed, W. M. Y., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., Aldosari, N., Megreya, A. M., & Mattock, K. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119872209 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Both maternal and paternal PPD are additionally associated with decreased intimate relationship satisfaction (Don & Mickelson, 2012; Wee et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPilkington, P. D., Milne, L. C., Cairns, K., & Whelan, T. A. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0721-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Longitudinal research suggests that the correlation between maternal and paternal postpartum depression is mediated by partner support and relationship satisfaction [14].”
BackgroundHolt, C., Milgrom, J., & Gemmill, A. W. (2017) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0767-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“PND also impacts on the woman’s partner and their relationship (Barnes 2006; Don and Mickelson 2012; Milgrom and McCloud 1996).”
BackgroundBerg, R. C., Solberg, B., Glavin, K., & Olsvold, N. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221114984 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“It reported that internal consistency is good, ≥.83, in the postpartum period (Don & Mickelson, 2012).”
BackgroundSeah, C. K. F., & Morawska, A. (2015) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21546 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Being a mom = having all the feels”: social support in a postpartum depression online support group
Stana, A., & Miller, A. R. (2019) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2019.1616736 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Some may counter that PPD must exist separately from gender because fathers can also suffer from PPD – but the biggest risk factor/predictor for paternal PPD is maternal PPD (Don & Mickelson, 2012; Musser, Ahmed, Foli, & Coddington, 2013).”
BackgroundParade, S. H., Blankson, A. N., Leerkes, E. M., Crockenberg, S., & Faldowski, R. A. (2014) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12065 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…maternal depressive symptoms were considered in this study, future research should examine trajectories of change in paternal depressive symptoms in an effort to build on recent research demonstrating the relevance of close relationships for fathers' depressive symptoms (Don & Mickelson, 2012).”
ResultRyon, H. S., & Gleason, M. E. J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000141 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Williams, D. T., & Parra, G. R. (2019) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12301 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Paternity leave uptake and parental post-partum depression: findings from the ELFE cohort study
Barry, K., Gomajee, R., Benarous, X., Dufourg, M., Courtin, É., & Melchior, M. (2023) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00288-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Social Support and Perinatal Depression: The Perspectives of Mexican-American Adolescent Mothers
Recto, P., & Champion, J. D. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1731027 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Experience of Men Whose Partners Have Postpartum Depression
Ierardi, J. A., Fantasia, H. C., Mawn, B., & Driscoll, J. W. (2019) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390319849102 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The existing literature on men’s experiences with partners who have PPD is focused on quantitative studies and literature reviews (Bradley & Slade, 2011; Don & Mickelson, 2012; Letourneau, Dennis, et al., 2012; Paulson & Bazemore, 2010).”
BackgroundResultNeri, E., Giovagnoli, S., Genova, F., Benassi, M., Stella, M., & Agostini, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578264 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, quality of dyadic relationship, social support), which may interact with parental PND (78, 79).”
BackgroundParental Mental Health, Fathers’ Involvement and Bedtime Resistance in Infants
Ragni, B., STASIO, S. D., Barni, D., Gentile, S., & Giampaolo, R. (2019) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0731-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Maternal Depression and Anxiety Beyond 1 Year Postpartum: A Systematic Review
Hunter, T., Chiew, B. A., McDonald, S., & Adhikari, K. (2024) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-024-03930-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Maternal postpartum depression is also the strongest predictor of paternal postpartum depression in part due to impaired spousal support and diminished relationship satisfaction (Don & Mickelson, 2012; Goodman, 2004; Paulson & Bazemore, 2010).”
Wainwright, S., Caskey, R. N., Rodriguez, A., Holicky, A., Wagner-Schuman, M. L., & Glassgow, A. E. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05966-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“aligning our findings with past work that has highlighting maternal PPD as a risk factor for paternal PPD [28].”
BackgroundCockshaw, W. D., Muscat, T., Obst, P. L., & Thorpe, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2014.959920 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Recently, Don and Mickelson [5] provided empirical support for the proposition that the relationship between paternal and maternal PND could be attributed to reductions in spousal support and relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRecto, P., & Champion, J. D. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1704320 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…their child, and family members that may influence the development of PPD. Lack of social support (Anderson et al., 2005; Caldwell et al., 2018; Don & Mickelson, 2012; Hoard & Anderson, 2004; Sipsma et al., 2016; Williams et al., 2012), the quality of relationship with the mother of the baby…”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional Support from Parents and In-Laws: the Roles of Gender and Contact
Chong, A., Gordon, A., & Don, B. P. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0587-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Finally, there is growing attention dedicated towards paternal mental health, such as paternal postpartum depression (Don and Mickelson 2012; Goodman 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCornish, D. L., & Dobie, S. R. (2018) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/1058-1243.27.4.233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Psouni, E., & Eichbichler, A. (2019) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kühn, M., Metsä‐Simola, N., & Martikainen, P. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02371-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Khaled, M., Corner, G. W., Morris, A. R., Havaldar, S., Luo, E., & Saxbe, D. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108075 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms in men immediately after birth
Abdollahi, F., Lye, M. S., Charati, J. Y., & Zarghami, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110650 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hassan-Abbas, N. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913330 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, 2018) and dwelling on the terrible nature of events (Don and Mickelson, 2012).”
BackgroundFranz, M. R., Kaiser, A. P., Phillips, R. J., Lee, L. O., Lawrence, A. E., Taft, C. T., & Vasterling, J. J. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23083 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Intra‐couple similarity in dyadic coping and partners’ adjustment to the birth of a child
Alves, S., Fonseca, A., Canavarro, M. C., & Pereira, M. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2597 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kingsbury, M. K., Clayborne, Z. M., Nilsen, W., Torvik, F. A., Gustavson, K., & Colman, I. (2022) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x221113850 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Conversely, poor relationship quality takes a toll on the mental health of partners (Don & Mickelson, 2012) and their children (Buehler et al., 1997; Harold & Sellers, 2018).”
Reasons to Pretend Orgasm, Mate Retention, and Relationship Satisfaction in Brazilian Women
Biermann, M. C., Farias, M. G., Meneses, G. D. O., Lopes, G. S., & Shackelford, T. K. (2021) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049211032939 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Coping with COVID: pandemic narratives for Australian children
Gildersleeve, J., Cantrell, K., Bryce, I., Daken, K., Durham, J., Mullens, A. B., Batorowicz, B., & Johnson, R. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09454 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This response is considered most effective when families form a cohesive unit and present a reasonable and consistent narrative, which views the significant event as time-limited and manageable, resists forecasting the worst-case scenario, and minimises catastrophic thinking (Beck, 2008; Don and Mickelson, 2012; Ellis…”
Estlein, R., & Shai, D. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231179080 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“One recurring fi nding points to partner ’ s PPD as a strong predictor of PPD in the other partner, among both mothers and fathers (Don & Mickelson, 2012; Altenau, 2020).”
BackgroundDepresión Posparto Paterna: Visibilidad e Influencia en la Salud Infantil
Caparrós-González, R. A., & Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R. (2020) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2020a10 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Onogwu, E. O., Alidu, O. S., Anibueze, A. U., Okwuowulu, C., Ekwueme, O., Erojikwe, I., & Gever, V. C. (2023) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1550 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cho, H., Koh, M., Yoo, H., & Ahn, S. (2022) · Korean journal of women health nursing/Yeoseong geon'gang ganho hag'hoeji/Yeoseong geon-gang ganho hakoeji · doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2022.02.18 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Not so depressed but unhappy mothers: Korean mothers’ mental health and infant development
Lee, B., Park, H. J., Han, G. H., & Chang, M. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1570925 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Molloy, S., Cole, B. P., Dye, A. R., Singley, D. B., & Ingram, P. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14498-1_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psouni, E., Frisk, C., & Brocki, K. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100276 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Paternal Mental Health in the Perinatal Period
Azzam, P. N., Reagan, K. M., Isacco, A. J., & Singley, D. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14498-1_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lowenhoff, C., Fischer, J., Pike, N., & Appleton, J. V. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12790 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Paternal Prenatal and Postpartum Depression
Paulson, J. F., Ellis, K. T., & Alexander, R. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, E. T., Rosen, N. O., Kim, J. J., Kolbuszewska, M. T., Schwenck, G. C., & Dawson, S. J. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101810 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Dann, Y., Egotubov, A., Hecker, A. G., Sheiner, E., Uzefovsky, F., & Sela, N. G. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14737
“Previous research has shown that low household income and maternal PPD are strong predictors of paternal PPD (Don & Mickelson, 2012; Leung et al., 2017).”
Identifying Postpartum Mood Disorders in Men
Larson, M. (2017) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laifer, L. M., Ramsdell, E. L., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Martin, R. C. B., & Brock, R. L. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/5164261
“…nding contrasts with past research suggesting that maternal depression confers risk for paternal depression [16]; however, it is possible that maternal internalizing problems confer risk through other, more proximal processes related to the quality of the intimate relationship (e.g., support [83]).”
Williams, D. T. (2014) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
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Exploring Mothers' Experiences Participating in Parent-Infant Singing Classes
Blom, M. T. (2015) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
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Kennedy, L., & Ashmore, R. (2022) · British Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjmh.2021.0021
Untangling Social Reminiscing and Emotional Support
Burgess, T. C. (2022) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.21692408
Affective Transition to Parenthood
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Self-citationGender differences in tweets on postnatal depression: A corpus linguistic analysis
Ilies, I.-A., Carter, P., Coyne-Umfreville, E., & Egan, H. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251330437
“Social support has been described as an important protective factor during the postnatal period (Don and Mickelson, 2012), as well as a predictor of postnatal depressive (PND) symptoms (Leahy-Warren et al., 2012).”
Öztürk, H., Yüksel, R., & BALMUMCU, A. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-025-01658-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Mirror of Motherhood: Appearance Schema, Appearance Anxiety, and Body Image Quality of Life in Women
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“Also, reduced sexual satisfaction, influenced by perceived partner attitudes and cultural standards of beauty, has also been reported [29] Collectively, the results underscore appearance schema as a cognitive vulnerability factor that influences emotional distress and quality of life in postpartum…”
Psychopathologie et attachement dans la transition à la maternité
Guez, H. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e686711fzd86ez483cza5dcz2df4f3aa4ab1
Akdi, N., & Yurtsever, C. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261458613
Cherry, K. E. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2708743
- Authors
- Don, B. P., & Mickelson, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Venue
- Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 323-334
- ISSN
- 2160-4096 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-410X
- OpenAlex
- W2041623690
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- paternal postpartum depression, postpartum depression, spousal support, relationship satisfaction, father-infant bonding
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