Perinatal Parenting Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Outcomes in First-Time Mothers and Fathers: A 3- to 6-Months Postpartum Follow-Up Study
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OBJECTIVE: Although there is an established link between parenting stress, postnatal depression, and anxiety, no study has yet investigated this link in first-time parental couples. The specific aims of this study were 1) to investigate whether there were any differences between first-time fathers' and mothers' postnatal parenting stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms and to see their evolution between three and 6 months after their child's birth; and 2) to explore how each parent's parenting stress and anxiety levels and the anxiety levels and depressive symptoms of their partners contributed to parental postnatal depression. METHOD: The sample included 362 parents (181 couples; mothers' M Age = 35.03, SD = 4.7; fathers' M Age = 37.9, SD = 5.6) of healthy babies. At three (T1) and 6 months (T2) postpartum, both parents filled out, in a counterbalanced order, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: The analyses showed that compared to fathers, mothers reported higher scores on postpartum anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. The scores for all measures for both mothers and fathers decreased from T1 to T2. However, a path analysis suggested that the persistence of both maternal and paternal postnatal depression was directly influenced by the parent's own levels of anxiety and parenting stress and by the presence of depression in his/her partner. DISCUSSION: This study highlights the relevant impact and effects of both maternal and paternal stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms during the transition to parenthood. Therefore, to provide efficacious, targeted, early interventions, perinatal screening should be directed at both parents.
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A growing body of evidence indicates that partners' emotional states mutually influence one another.
“A growing body of evidence indicates that partners’ emotional states mutually influence one another [56,61–64].”
From Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal and paternal depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms are interdependent.
“This represents a limitation, as accumulating evidence suggests that maternal and paternal depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms are interdependent [19,56–58].”
From Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Vismara, L., Rollè, L., Agostini, F., Sechi, C., Fenaroli, V., Molgora, S., Neri, E., Prino, L. E., Odorisio, F., Trovato, A., Polizzi, C., Brustia, P., Lucarelli, L., Monti, F., Saita, E., & Tambelli, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Vismara, Laura
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-06-24
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 938-938
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4919353
- OpenAlex
- W2469292909
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 14.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2013/2016 - 20107JZAF4)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, first-time fathers, primiparous women, transition to parenthood, postpartum follow-up, perinatal screening
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