Maternal history of parentification, maternal warm responsiveness, and children’s externalizing behavior
Open accessAbstract
Destructive parentification occurs when children are expected to provide instrumental or emotional caregiving within the family system that overtaxes their developmental capacity. According to parentification theory, destructive parentification in family of origin poses a risk to child development in subsequent generations; however, there is a paucity of empirical research examining the impact of a maternal history of destructive parentification on parenting quality and child outcomes in subsequent generations. The present study examined the potential risk of maternal history of parentification on child adjustment by hypothesizing that a maternal history of parentification in family of origin would have a negative impact on quality of maternal warm responsiveness at 18 months of age which would, in turn, be associated with increased children's externalizing symptoms at 36 months. Results indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of maternal history of destructive parentification in family of origin on child externalizing behavior in the next generation through maternal warm responsiveness, supporting the hypothesized model. This finding suggests that facilitating the development of maternal contingent responsiveness among mothers with a history of destructive parentification may promote more adaptive child development in the next generation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Parentification as an overall construct was positively linked with externalizing problems in four studies, yet an almost equal number of studies (n = 3) found null results.
“Parentification as an overall construct was positively linked with externalizing problems in four studies [77,82,95,104], yet an almost equal number of studies (n = 3) found null results [76,113,161].”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
The Results (page unavailable) report a positive indirect association between mothers’ history of destructive parentification and their children’s externalizing behavior, through reduced maternal responsiveness. The direct effect was not significant (B=.03, p=.52). Thus, this study supports a more specific intergenerational, indirect link, not an unqualified positive link between parentification as an overall construct and externalizing problems. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong a high-risk community sample of first-time mothers, maternal history of destructive parentification had an indirect effect on child externalizing behavior through warmth and responsiveness.
“among a high-risk community sample of first-time mothers, maternal history of destructive parentification had an indirect effect on child externalizing behavior through warmth and responsiveness”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419 · see citing works
Required sample size to detect the mediated effect
Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x · Cited by 4,810 · see citing works
Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps.
Parcel, T. L., McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G. D. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580615 · Cited by 2,069 · see citing works
Child maltreatment: An ecological integration.
Belsky, J. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.35.4.320 · Cited by 1,735 · see citing works
Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an Adolescent Psychiatric Population
BERNSTEIN, D. P., AHLUVALIA, T., POGGE, D., & HANDELSMAN, L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012 · Cited by 1,574 · see citing works
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Do abused children become abusive parents
Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1987) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03528.x · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., Assel, M. A., & Vellet, S. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.387 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions
CICCHETTI, D., ROGOSCH, F. A., & TOTH, S. L. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060329 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of abuse: A two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample
Pears, K. C., & Capaldi, D. M. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00286-1 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Guttentag, C. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013030 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Between Give and Take: A Clinical Guide to Contextual Therapy
Boszormenyi‐Nagy, I., & Krasner, B. R. (1987) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/583562 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Miller-Loncar, C. L., & Swank, P. R. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1040 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Early Maternal and Child Influences on Children's Later Independent Cognitive and Social Functioning
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Miller-Loncar, C. L. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00150 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Dixon, L., Browne, K. D., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00339.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Early Interaction: Consequences for Social and Mental Development at Three Years
Bakeman, R. A., & Brown, J. V. (1980) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129277 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The intergenerational transmission of parenting: introduction to the special section.
Belsky, J., Conger, R., & Capaldi, D. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016245 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Nature and nurture: Genetic contributions to measures of the family environment.
Plomin, R. J., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Howe, G. W. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.32 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Parentification of Adult Children of Divorce: A Multidimensional Analysis
Jurkovic, G. J., Thirkield, A., & Morrell, R. (2001) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1010349925974 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Hooper, L. M., Marotta, S. A., & Lanthier, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-007-9184-8 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (1998) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199824)19:4 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Lost Childhoods: The Plight of the Parentified Child
Greenberg, R., & Jurkovic, G. J. (1999) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585689 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Peris, T. S., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., & Emery, R. E. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012792 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Revisiting the Construct of Boundary Dissolution
Kerig, P. K. (2005) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v05n02_02 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Intergenerational Studies of Parenting and the Transfer of Risk From Parent to Child
Serbin, L. A., & Karp, J. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01249 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Wakschlag, L. S., & Hans, S. L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.569 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Macfie, J., Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Cicchetti, D. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.460 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Child compliance and maternal control techniques.
Schaffer, H. R., & Crook, C. K. (1980) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.1.54 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Macfie, J., McElwain, N. L., Houts, R., & Cox, M. J. (2005) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730500039663 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Wakschlag, L. S., & Hans, S. L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.2.569 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2007) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20154 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Sroufe, L. A., Bennett, C., Englund, M. M., Urban, J., & Shulman, S. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02921.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Transition to Young Adulthood: Generational Boundary Dissolution and Female Identity Development
FULLINWIDER‐BUSH, N., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (1993) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1993.00087.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Intergenerational Continuity of Child Abuse Among Adolescent Mothers
Valentino, K., Nuttall, A. K., Comas, M., Borkowski, J. G., & Akai, C. E. (2012) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559511434945 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationKretchmar, M. D., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41306.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Kuperminc, G. P., Jurkovic, G. J., & Casey, S. T. (2009) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014064 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Carter, A. S., Little, C., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Kogan, N. (1999) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199924)20:4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Parentified Child: Early Competence or Childhood Deprivation?
Barnett, B. E. W., & Parker, G. B. (1998) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00234 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Early maternal warm responsiveness as a predictor of child social skills
Steelman, L., Assel, M. A., Swank, P. R., Smith, K. E., & Landry, S. H. (2002) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(02)00101-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Seductive Behavior of Mothers of Toddlers: Occurrence, Correlates, and Family Origins
Sroufe, L. A., & Ward, M. J. (1980) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129564 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Treatment of parental children and their families: Conceptual and technical issues
Jurkovic, G. J., Jessee, E. H., & Goglia, L. R. (1991) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926189108250862 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, M. M., Schneider, R. A., Salstrom, S., Zinzow, H. M., Jackson, J., & Fossel, R. V. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.320 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Parentification of the Child: A Case Study of Bowlby’s Compulsive Care-Giving Attachment Pattern
West, M. L., & Keller, A. (1991) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1991.45.3.425 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Parentification and caretaker syndrome: An empirical investigation.
Valleau, M. P., Bergner, R. M., & Horton, C. B. (1995) · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Intergenerational Influences on the Parent-Infant Relationship in the Transition to Parenthood
Cox, M. J., Owen, M. T., Lewis, J. M., RIEDEL, C., Scalf-Mciver, L., & SUSTER, A. (1985) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251385006004008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Guttentag, C. L., Pedrosa-Josic, C., Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.04.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Macfie, J., Houts, R. M., McElwain, N. L., & Cox, M. J. (2005) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00314.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Macfie, J., Fitzpatrick, K. L., Rivas, E. M., & Cox, M. J. (2008) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730701868589 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Developmental Psychopathology and Preventive Intervention
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0413 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hammond, M. V., Landry, S. H., Swank, P. R., & Smith, K. E. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087635 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Shaffer, A., & Egeland, B. (2011) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00653.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Theory of Relationships: Experience and Transaction
Boszormenyi‐Nagy, I. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203776308-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hanson, R. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pinquart, M. (2017) · Developmental psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000295 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Intergenerational Effects of Childhood Trauma
McDonnell, C. G., & Valentino, K. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516659556 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationChamberlain, C., Gee, G., Harfield, S., Campbell, S., Brennan, S., Clark, Y., Mensah, F., Arabena, K., Herrman, H., Brown, S., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213460 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Dariotis, J. K., Chen, F. R., Park, Y. R., Nowak, M. K., French, K. M., & Codamon, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20136197 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Parentification as an overall construct was positively linked with externalizing problems in four studies [77,82,95,104], yet an almost equal number of studies (n = 3) found null results [76,113,161].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTedgård, E., Råstam, M., & Wirtberg, I. (2019) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/1455072518814308 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The positive and negative aspects of parentification: An integrated review
Masiran, R., Ibrahim, N., Awang, H., & Lim, P. Y. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106709 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nuttall, A. K., Coberly, B., & Diesel, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3464-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationVaillancourt, K., Pawlby, S. J., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21634 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Nuttall, A. K., Valentino, K., Wang, L., Lefever, J. B., & Borkowski, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000112 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBorchet, J., Lewandowska-Walter, A., & Rostowska, T. (2018) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2018.75750 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An Ecological-Transactional Model of Generational Boundary Dissolution Across Development
Nuttall, A. K., & Valentino, K. (2016) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2016.1178203 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationParentification in late adolescence and selected features of the family system
Borchet, J., Lewandowska-Walter, A., & Rostowska, T. (2015) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2016.55921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sexton, M. B., Davis, M. T., Menke, R., Raggio, G. A., & Muzik, M. (2017) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000272 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Loheide‐Niesmann, L., Riem, M. M. E., & Cima, M. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02117-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Evaluating Supplemental Samples in Longitudinal Research: Replacement and Refreshment Approaches
Taylor, L. K., Tong, X., & Maxwell, S. E. (2019) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1628694 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nuttall, A. K., Zhang, Q., Valentino, K., & Borkowski, J. G. (2019) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12562 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller‐Graff, L. E., Nuttall, A. K., & Lefever, J. B. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025418780358 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal Depressive Symptoms and Warm Responsiveness Across the Transition to Parenthood
Mitchell, E. A., Nuttall, A. K., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01392-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationParentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study
Borchet, J., Hooper, L. M., Tomek, S. E., Schneider, W. S., & Dębski, M. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00411-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Huczewska, I., & Mynarska, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2220356 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maternal parentification history impacts evaluative cognitions about self, parenting, and child
Nuttall, A. K., Ballinger, A. L., Levendosky, A. A., & Borkowski, J. G. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21912 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationRelations Among Parentification, Parenting Beliefs, and Parenting Behaviors
Black, B. T. (2013) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsr.v2i1.145 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kapeleris, A. R. (2014) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Parentification Inventory in a Polish Adolescent Sample
Borchet, J., Schneider, W. S., Lewandowska-Walter, A., Tomek, S., & Hooper, L. M. (2023) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807221147035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Defining Parent Responsiveness: A Systematic Review‐Based Theoretical Model
Campi, E., Nye, E., & Baranek, G. T. (2024) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2565 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
keny, S., & Banerjee, B. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108919 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Subjective experiences of participating in an attachment-based early intervention parenting program
Tan, S. L.-S., Stafford, L., Bryant, C., Jensen, H., Komiti, A., & Newman, L. K. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211008220 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vogel, L., Lux, U., Deliens, T., Ehring, T. W., Henning, C., Opitz, A., Schoemann, N., Seiferth, C., Terhorst, Y., Wittekind, C. E., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2567722 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Woehrle, P. L., Critchfield, K. L., Anolik, S., Bobal, C., Pempek, T. A., & Skowron, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23412 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tambelli, R., Notari, V., Odorisio, F., & Laghi, F. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0094-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Erzar, K. K. (2017) · Canadian Art Therapy Association Journal · doi:10.1080/08322473.2017.1303862 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rodzicielstwo w cyklu życia rodziny
Bakiera, L. T. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Relationship between childhood parentification, adult attachment styles, and addiction: a review
Demirtaş, S. Ç., Yeşiloğlu, C., & Tamam, L. (2025) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1721080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(Nie)dostępność edukacji okołoporodowej dla mężczyzn w miastach wojewódzkich Polski
Janowicz, K. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial04 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Feasibility of a school-based parenting intervention for adolescent parents
Rispoli, K. M., & Sheridan, S. M. (2017) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2017.1325329 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parentyfikacja w grupie polskich adolescentów – implikacje dla badaczy i praktyków
Borchet, J. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Znaczenie funkcji rodzica zastępczego dla poczucia sensu życia w starości
Olszewski, H., Kardaś-Grodzicka, E., & Lemke-Dombrowska, A. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial07 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ekici, K. B. K., & İmir, H. M. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107754 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huczewska, I., Kruk, K., & Mynarska, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2025.2480388 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mehrgenerationenperspektive (transgenerationale Perspektive) und Genogramm
Reich, G., Massing, A., & Cierpka, M. (2024) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66879-5_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kornacka-Skwara, E., Napora, E. W., Kielińska, J., Cabanová, V., & Kocourková, V. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rodzina w cyklu życia – rozwój, zmiana, kryzysy
(2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Die Bedeutung des sozialen Milieus bei Jugendlichen mit externalisierenden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten
Biermann, H., Kouider, E. B., Lorenz, A. L., Dupont, M., & Petermann, F. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000260
Anderson, F., Edmonds, C. J., Trevillion, K., & Howard, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2694045
Dotazník zmatení rolí pro adolescenty: Předběžné sdělení o vývoji sebeposuzovací metody
Pivodová, L., Daňsová, P., & Lacinová, L. (2020) · TESTFÓRUM · doi:10.5817/tf2020-13-12647
Völker, U. (2020) · PTT - Persönlichkeitsstörungen: Theorie und Therapie · doi:10.21706/ptt-24-2-109
Evaluating supplemental samples in longitudinal research: Replacement and refreshment approaches
Taylor, L. K., Tong, X. E., & Maxwell, S. E. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e500122015-066
Çocukluk ve Ergenlikte Ebeveynleşmenin Birey Üzerinde Yapıcı ve Yıkıcı Etkileri
Necati Gün, A. K. A. L., & BENGİ, F. S. (2023) · doi:10.59287/siibgy1.1123
Nowe związki uczuciowe osób w okresie późnej dorosłości
Finogenow, M. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial20
Zawadzka, A. M., Iwanowska, M., Lewandowska-Walter, A., & Kondratowicz, B. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial10
Borecka-Biernat, D. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial11
Niepełnosprawność dziecka w percepcji rodziców – znaczenie empatii
Murawska, N., & Kaźmierczak, M. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial18
Gałuszka, A. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial12
Mazurek, E., Kalus, A. M., Kupis, K., & Puszcz, P. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial15
Zaangażowanie w bliski związek a zdrowie psychiczne kobiet zajmujących stanowiska kierownicze
Janicka, I. L., & Walęcka-Matyja, K. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial19
Zbrońska, A., & Błażek, M. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial17
Samoocena kobiet leczonych na niepłodność a ich postrzeganie adopcji
Kruk-Rogucka, M. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial06
Rodzina z wyłaniającym się dorosłym
Smykowski, B. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial08
Młodzież z Ukrainy – na drodze do adaptacji
Ptak, A. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial14
Transpłciowość adolescentów w perspektywie rodziców
Smolorz-Roksela, K. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial09
Kaźmierczak, M., Michałek-Kwiecień, J., & Kiełbratowska, B. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial03
Appelt, K., & Mrozińska, A. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial02
Kaźmierczak, M., & Lewandowska-Walter, A. (2023) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487638.rozdzial00
Parenting Practices among Mothers in Obubra, Cross River State, Nigeria: An Exploratory Study
Ndep, A. O., Ugobo, E. E., Akpan, M. I., & Ushie, M. O. (2022) · International Healthcare Research Journal · doi:10.26440/0606.09562
Sweeney, M. M., Levy, S., Jean-Denis, A. S., Zeltzer, L. K., & Dyk, T. R. V. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010063
Fairchild, J. N., Bogat, G. A., Nuttall, A. K., Levendosky, A. A., Lonstein, J. S., & Muzik, M. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01065-6
Self-citationMaes, F., Berwouts, J., & Vanaerschot, G. (2025) · Journal of Pain Research and Management · doi:10.46439/painresearch.1.013
Kirik, B. N. Y., Akdoğan, R., & Çimşir, E. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02857-z
Miller‐Graff, L. E., Park, J. E., Thomsen, K. N., & Howell, K. H. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2749050
- Authors
- Nuttall, A. K., Valentino, K., & Borkowski, J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 767-775
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- PMC
- PMC3530952
- OpenAlex
- W1985007724
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-39456)
- Centers for Disease Control
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Department of Education
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (037224)
- Centers for the Prevention of Child Neglect
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- child externalizing problems, intergenerational transmission, family of origin, maternal care, child adjustment, parenting quality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Parenting, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
