Implicit misattribution of evaluative responses: Contingency-unaware evaluative conditioning requires simultaneous stimulus presentations.
Abstract
Recent research has shown that evaluative conditioning (EC) procedures can change attitudes without participants' awareness of the contingencies between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (Hütter, Sweldens, Stahl, Unkelbach, & Klauer, 2012). We present a theoretical explanation and boundary condition for the emergence of unaware EC effects based on the implicit misattribution of evaluative responses from unconditioned to conditioned stimuli. We hypothesize that such misattribution is only possible when conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are perceived simultaneously. Therefore we manipulate the simultaneity of the stimulus presentations and apply a process dissociation procedure to distinguish contingency-aware from contingency-unaware EC effects. A multinomial model indicates that with sequential presentations, EC effects do not occur without contingency awareness. However, unaware EC effects do occur with simultaneous presentations. The findings support dual-process theories of learning.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some studies found evidence for memory-independent EC, while other studies did not.
“Depending on the procedure and analytic approach, some studies found evidence for memory-independent EC (e.g., Hütter & Sweldens 2013, Jurchiș et al. 2020, Walther & Nagengast 2006, Waroquier et al. 2020), while other studies did not (e.g., Kurdi et al. 2022, Mierop et al. 2017, Pleyers et al. 2007, Stahl et al. 2009).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Hütter & Sweldens 2013
Cites
David, F. N., & Tukey, J. W. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529486 · Cited by 12,707 · see citing works
(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307 · see citing works
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984 · see citing works
A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory
Jacoby, L. (1991) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90025-f · Cited by 3,815 · see citing works
Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex.
Pavlov, P. I. (1930) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1930.02220110256018 · Cited by 2,681 · see citing works
Self, S. G., & Liang, K. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478472 · Cited by 2,657 · see citing works
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,598 · see citing works
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999) · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
Feelings and phenomenal experiences
Schwarz, N., Clore, G. L., Kruglanski, A. W., & (eds, E. T. H. (2007) · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures.
Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.5.723 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.853 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis.
Hofmann, W., Houwer, J. D., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018916 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
The propositional nature of human associative learning
Mitchell, C. J., Houwer, J. D., & Lovibond, P. F. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000855 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
There is no Convincing Evidence for Operant or Classical Conditioning in adult Humans
Brewer, W. F. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003482833-1 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure.
Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.589 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Evaluative Conditioning Procedures and the Resilience of Conditioned Brand Attitudes
Sweldens, S., van Osselaer, S. M. J., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/653656 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationImplicit misattribution as a mechanism underlying evaluative conditioning.
Jones, C., Fázio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014747 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Pleyers, G., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.1.130 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Matzel, L. D., Held, F. P., & Miller, R. R. (1988) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(88)90044-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Trace Conditioning and the Hippocampus: The Importance of Contiguity
Bangasser, D. A., Waxler, D. E., Santollo, J., & Shors, T. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1742-06.2006 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Stahl, C., Unkelbach, C., & Corneille, O. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016196 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.97 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Hütter, M., Sweldens, S., Stahl, C., Unkelbach, C., & Klauer, K. C. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0026477 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, C., Olson, M. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2010) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)43005-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
I like it, but I'm not sure why: can evaluative conditioning occur without conscious awareness?
Field, A. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1999.0402 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
HMMTree: A computer program for latent-class hierarchical multinomial processing tree models
Stahl, C., & Klauer, K. C. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193157 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A theory of conditioning: Inductive learning within rule-based default hierarchies.
Holyoak, K. J., Koh, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.315 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
What do memory data tell us about the role of contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning?
Gawronski, B., & Walther, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stahl, C., & Unkelbach, C. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/a0013255 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evaluative conditioning depends on higher order encoding processes
Fiedler, K., & Unkelbach, C. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.513497 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dedonder, J., Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Kuppens, T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Both trace and delay conditioning of evaluative responses depend on contingency awareness
Kattner, F., Ellermeier, W., & Tavakoli, P. (2012) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.01.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Applying processing trees in social psychology
Hütter, M., & Klauer, K. C. (2016) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1212966 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Awareness in Attitude Formation Through Evaluative Conditioning
Sweldens, S., Corneille, O., & Yzerbyt, V. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314527832 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationPropositional Versus Dual-Process Accounts of Evaluative Conditioning
Hu, X., Gawronski, B., & Balas, R. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216673351 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Associative Attitude Learning: A Closer Look at Evidence and How It Relates to Attitude Models
Corneille, O., & Stahl, C. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868318763261 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Evaluative Conditioning: Past, Present, and Future
Moran, T., Nudler, Y., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031815 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gawronski, B., Gast, A., & Houwer, J. D. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.947919 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Consciousness in Consumer Research
Williams, L. E., & Poehlman, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw043 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hütter, M., & Sweldens, S. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx124 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationAffect and cognition: three principles
Clore, G. L., Schiller, A. J., & Shaked, A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mierop, A., Hütter, M., & Corneille, O. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616687093 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationA memory-based judgment account of expectancy-liking dissociations in evaluative conditioning.
Aust, F., Haaf, J. M., & Stahl, C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000600 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Theoretical Tinnitus Framework: A Neurofunctional Model
Ghodratitoostani, I., Zana, Y., Delbem, A. C. B., Sani, S. S., Ekhtiari, H., & Sánchez, T. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00370 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluative Conditioning as Memory-Based Judgment
Stahl, C., & Aust, F. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.5964/spb.v13i3.28589 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An integrative review of dual- and single-process accounts of evaluative conditioning
Hütter, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00102-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationContrastive CS-US Relations Reverse Evaluative Conditioning Effects
Unkelbach, C., & Fiedler, K. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.5.413 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Propositional Versus Dual-Process Accounts of Evaluative Conditioning
Hu, X., Gawronski, B., & Balas, R. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617691094 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hahn, A., & Goedderz, A. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s115 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brand placements in video games: How local in‐game experiences influence brand attitudes
Ingendahl, M., Vogel, T., Maedche, A., & Wänke, M. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21770 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zerhouni, O., Bègue, L., Comiran, F., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.026 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hütter, M., & Houwer, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.02.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Implicit Misattribution Model of Evaluative Conditioning
March, D. S., Olson, M. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.5964/spb.v13i3.27574 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Distinguishing the role of conscious and unconscious knowledge in evaluative conditioning
Waroquier, L., Abadie, M., & Dienes, Z. P. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104460 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
du Plessis, C., D’Hooge, S., & Sweldens, S. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad046 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMultinomial processing trees as theoretical bridges between cognitive and social psychology
Calanchini, J., Rivers, A. M., Klauer, K. C., & Sherman, J. W. (2018) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2018.09.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Glaser, T., & Kuchenbrandt, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00103 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Distributed practice can boost evaluative conditioning by increasing memory for the stimulus pairs
Richter, J., & Gast, A. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.06.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stahl, C., & Heycke, T. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.5.382 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Single-trial evaluative conditioning can be moderated by instructed forgetting
Gast, A., & Kattner, F. (2016) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0210-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hasford, J., Kidwell, B., & Hardesty, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy026 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bui, E. T., & Fázio, R. H. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000339 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gast, A., Langer, S., & Sengewald, M.-A. D.-P. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.07.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Automatic processes in evaluative learning
Hütter, M., & Rothermund, K. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1709315 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Symmetric Nature of Evaluative Memory Associations
Kim, J. C., Sweldens, S., & Hütter, M. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615599237 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationPuviani, L., Rama, S., & Vitetta, G. M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2887385 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Changing US Attributes After CS-US Pairings Changes CS-Attribute-Assessments
Förderer, S., & Unkelbach, C. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215626705 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The role of recollection in evaluative conditioning
Halbeisen, G., Blask, K., Weil, R., & Walther, E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evaluative Conditioning is Sensitive to the Encoding of CS-US Contingencies
Halbeisen, G., & Walther, E. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.5.462 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
No evaluative conditioning effects with briefly presented stimuli
Heycke, T., & Stahl, C. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1109-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects
Gawronski, B., & Corneille, O. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An action control perspective of evaluative conditioning
Walther, E., Blask, K., Halbeisen, G., & Frings, C. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2019.1699743 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cue competition in evaluative conditioning as a function of the learning process
Kattner, F., & Green, C. S. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ingendahl, M., & Vogel, T. (2023) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.74812 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jurchiș, R., & Opre, A. N. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9743-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Is there evidence for unaware evaluative conditioning in a valence contingency learning task?
Gast, A., Richter, J., & Ruszpel, B. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1652147 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gawronski, B., Balas, R., & Hu, X. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.5.357 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mierop, A., Hütter, M., Stahl, C., & Corneille, O. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1435505 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDual-task interference in evaluative conditioning: Similarity matters!
Halbeisen, G., & Walther, E. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.1002506 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Failing to Establish Evaluative Conditioning Effects for Indirect Intergroup Contact on Facebook
Schwab, A. K., & Greitemeyer, T. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.999073 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Positive, negative, or all relative? Evaluative conditioning of ambivalence
Glaser, T., Woud, M. L., Iskander, M. L., Schmalenstroth, V., & Vo, T. M. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.02.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hütter, M., & Fiedler, K. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.5.343 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationStahl, C., Béna, J., Aust, F., Mierop, A., & Corneille, O. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02081-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ingendahl, M., Woitzel, J., Propheter, N., Wänke, M., & Alves, H. (2023) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.87462 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A System Computational Model of Implicit Emotional Learning
Puviani, L., & Rama, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2016.00054 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Beyond contingency awareness: the role of influence awareness in resisting conditioned attitudes
Sava, F. A., Payne, B. K., Măgurean, S., Iancu, D. E., & Rusu, A. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1652146 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Benedict, T., & Gast, A. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1646213 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sperlich, L. M., & Unkelbach, C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104377 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fiedler, K., & Hütter, M. (2014) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Learning Negative Brand Associations Leads to Positive Evaluations of Effectiveness
Clair, J. K. S., & Cunha, M. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucae001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jurchiș, R., & Opre, A. N. (2018) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0023-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Puviani, L., Rama, S., & Vitetta, G. M. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1601.07766 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
News Media Depictions of Obama Influence Automatic Attitudes: Implications for the Obama Effect
March, D. S., Kendrick, R. V., Fritzlen, K. A., & Olson, M. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.6.504 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evaluative conditioning as memory-based judgmentPreprint
Stahl, C., & Aust, F. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pmey9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Béna, J., Lacassagne, D., & Corneille, O. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241248138 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ingendahl, M., Ingendahl, F., Woitzel, J., Alves, H., & Undorf, M. (2024) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.117689 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring the Contextual Renewal of Conditioned Attitudes After Counterconditioning
Gawronski, B., Brannon, S. M., Blask, K., & Walther, E. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.4.287 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the impact of distance as a contextual cue in evaluative conditioning
Hughes, S., Mattavelli, S., & Houwer, J. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204855 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sweldens, S. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/bu4v5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen motion changes liking: Evaluative conditioning with motion as unconditioned stimulus
Kosinski, T., Chafi, A., & Rusinek, S. (2014) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2014.10.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Richter, J., & Gast, A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104689 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Implicit Learning of Emotional Structures
Jurchiș, R., Costea, A. R., & Opre, A. N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197501573.003.0018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Puviani, L., & Rama, S. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.019
Exploring the Contextual Renewal of Conditioned Attitudes After CounterconditioningPreprint
Gawronski, B., Brannon, S. M., Blask, K., & Walther, E. (2018) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/a6sez
A memory-based judgment account of expectancy-liking dissociations in evaluative conditioningPreprint
Aust, F., Haaf, J. M., & Stahl, C. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tkx7b
Klauer, K. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197763414.013.3
Lazar, A., Rougier, M., Perugini, M., & Sava, F. A. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2528924
Uram, P., & Balas, R. (2026) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-026-01376-y
Do Words Matter? Evaluative Media Framing, Protest Actions, and Donations to Climate Action
Bechtoldt, M. N., Testori, M., & Beersma, B. (2026) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.70081
- Authors
- Hütter, M., & Sweldens, S.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 638-643
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2333212355
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 10.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- INSEAD
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- evaluative conditioning, contingency awareness, attitude change, implicit learning, dual-process theory, process dissociation, contingency learning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Awareness, Conditioning, Psychological, Female, Humans, Judgment, Learning, Male, Models, Psychological, Photic Stimulation, Psychological Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review