The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Outcome in psychotherapy: The past and important advances.
Abstract
Fifty years after the 1963 debate between Strupp and Eysenck, as recorded in their articles in Psychotherapy, it is clear that Eysenck overstated the case against psychoanalysis and dynamic psychotherapy (Bergin, 1971), while inflating the magnitude of improvement in untreated individuals (Lambert, 1976). Eysenck was probably correct about the beneficial effects of behavior therapies, but did not foresee that behavior therapy would be supplanted by cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) and eclectic mixtures of CBT that incorporate elements of eastern religion, humanistic interventions, and psychodynamic constructs. Fortunately, most of the treatments that have been tested in rigorous investigations have been found to be effective, but few have distinguished themselves as uniquely superior. Many of the problems of how to measure the effects of treatment have been solved and suggest that about two thirds of treated individuals improve or recover. This leaves a sizable portion of nonresponding individuals, but emerging methods involving in tracking treatment response are being used to decrease deterioration and enhance positive outcomes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Whilst it has been shown that psychotherapeutic interventions provide some reduction in the burden of mental disorders compared to untreated YP [20, 21], their overall effect on mental health outcomes is moderate [22, 23].”
Citations
Cites
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 · Cited by 5,882
(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998
Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Lambert, M. J. (2003) · Cited by 3,383
Self-citationThe effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation.
Eysenck, H. J. (1952) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063633 · Cited by 1,734
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis
Bergin, A. E. (1971) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,110
Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies.
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013075 · Cited by 1,050 · cited 1×
“Cognitive therapy was most notably advocated by Ellis (1962) and Beck (1970) and came to the forefront of theory-driven treatments by the mid1970s with the publication of Beck’s (1976) Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders.”
MethodCognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy
Beck, A. T. (1970) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(70)80030-2 · Cited by 863
The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services.
Hansen, N. B., Lambert, M. J., & Forman, E. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.329 · Cited by 783 · cited 1×
“Outcomes for 6,000 patients treated in routine practice settings suggest that the clients did not fare as well as those in clinical trials, with deterioration rates as high as 14% in some settings (Hansen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 684
Effective psychotherapy : a handbook of research
Gurman, A. S., & Razin, A. M. (1977) · Pergamon Press eBooks · Cited by 674
Shimokawa, K., Lambert, M. J., & Smart, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019247 · Cited by 657
Self-citationPatient-focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects.
Lambert, M. J., Hansen, N. B., & Finch, A. E. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.159 · Cited by 602
Self-citationA lab test and algorithms for identifying clients at risk for treatment failure.
Hannan, C. R., Lambert, M., Harmon, C., Nielsen, S. L., Smart, D., Shimokawa, K., & Sutton, S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20108 · Cited by 550
Self-citationBarkham, M., Margison, F., Leach, C., Lucock, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Evans, C., Benson, L., Connell, J., Audin, K., & McGrath, G. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.184 · Cited by 532
Rachman, S. J., & WILSON, G. T. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-024675-8.50009-9 · Cited by 526
Normative comparisons for the evaluation of clinical significance.
Kendall, P. C., Marrs, A. L., Nath, S. R., & Sheldrick, R. C. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.3.285 · Cited by 468
Enuresis—A method for its study and treatment.
Mowrer, O. H., & Mowrer, W. M. C. (1938) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1938.tb06395.x · Cited by 447
Strupp, H. H., & Hadley, S. W. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.32.3.187 · Cited by 442
Lambert, M. J., Whipple, J. L., Smart, D. W., Vermeersch, D. A., Nielsen, S. L., & Hawkins, E. J. (2001) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/713663852 · Cited by 433
Self-citationPsychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment.
Wampold, B. E. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.8.857 · Cited by 432
The Elimination of Children's Fears.
Jones, M. C. (1924) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0072283 · Cited by 419
An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers
Walfish, S., McAlister, B., O'Donnell, P., & Lambert, M. J. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.07.17.pr0.110.2.639-644 · Cited by 394
Self-citationAnker, M. G., Duncan, B. L., & Sparks, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016062 · Cited by 375
Whipple, J. L., Lambert, M. J., Vermeersch, D. A., Smart, D. W., Nielsen, S. L., & Hawkins, E. J. (2003) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.59 · Cited by 374
Self-citationThe efficacy of non-directive supportive therapy for adult depression: A meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Driessen, E., Hollon, S. D., van Oppen, P., Barth, J., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.003 · Cited by 369
Hatfield, D., McCullough, L., Frantz, S. H. B., & Krieger, K. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.656 · Cited by 321
Enhancing psychotherapy outcomes via providing feedback on client progress: a replication
Lambert, M. J., Whipple, J. L., Vermeersch, D. A., Smart, D. W., Hawkins, E. J., Nielsen, S. L., & Goates, M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.324 · Cited by 306
Self-citationHarmon, S. C., Lambert, M. J., Smart, D. M., Hawkins, E. J., Nielsen, S. L., Slade, K., & Lutz, W. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300600702331 · Cited by 286
Self-citationSudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 284
The partners for change outcome management system
Miller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., Sorrell, R., & Brown, G. S. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20111 · Cited by 264
Outcome Questionnaire: Item Sensitivity to Change
Vermeersch, D. A., Lambert, M. J., & Burlingame, G. M. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7402_6 · Cited by 248
Self-citationThe therapeutic effects of providing patient progress information to therapists and patients
Hawkins, E. J., Lambert, M. J., Vermeersch, D. A., Slade, K. L., & Tuttle, K. C. (2004) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/kph027 · Cited by 230
Self-citationDo early responders to psychotherapy maintain treatment gains?
Haas, E., Hill, R., Lambert, M., & Morrell, B. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10044 · Cited by 220
Self-citationThe Outcome Questionnaire (OQ‐45) in a Dutch population: A cross‐cultural validation
de Jong, K., Nugter, A., POLAK, M. G., Wagenborg, J. E. A., Spinhoven, P., & Heiser, W. J. (2007) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.529 · Cited by 215
Psychotherapy for children and adolescents evidence-based treatments and case examples
Weisz, J. R. (2004) · Cited by 212
Warren, J. S., Nelson, P. L., Mondragon, S. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Burlingame, G. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018544 · Cited by 206
Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder: costs, benefits, and stepped care.
Otto, M., Pollack, M., & Maki, K. M. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.556 · Cited by 195
A survival analysis of clinically significant change in outpatient psychotherapy.
Anderson, E. M., & Lambert, M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1056 · Cited by 190
Self-citationSlade, K., Lambert, M. J., Harmon, S. C., Smart, D. W., & Bailey, R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.594 · Cited by 159
Self-citationAssessing treatment progress of individual patients using expected treatment response models.
Lueger, R. J., Howard, K. I., Martinovich, Z., Lutz, W., Anderson, E. E., & Grissom, G. R. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.150 · Cited by 147
Outcome Questionnaire: Is It Sensitive to Changes in Counseling Center Clients?
Vermeersch, D. A., Whipple, J. L., Lambert, M. J., Hawkins, E. J., Burchfield, C. M., & Okiishi, J. C. (2004) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.38 · Cited by 145
Self-citationThe Assessment of psychotherapy outcome
Lambert, M. J., Christensen, E. R., & DeJulio, S. S. (1983) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 143
Self-citationLambert, M. J., Whipple, J. L., Bishop, M. J., Vermeersch, D. A., Gray, G. V., & Finch, A. E. (2002) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.333 · Cited by 128
Self-citationA multiperspective, multivariable evaluation of reliable change.
Lunnen, K. M., & Ogles, B. M. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.2.400 · Cited by 124
Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1986) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 106
Lutz, W., Lambert, M. J., Harmon, S. C., Tschitsaz, A., Schürch, E., & Stulz, N. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.496 · Cited by 103
Self-citationSafran, J. D., Muran, J. C., Samstag, L. W., & Winston, A. (2005) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.4.512 · Cited by 102
Clinical significance of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2).
Beckstead, D. J., Hatch, A. L., Lambert, M. J., Eggett, D. L., Goates-Jones, M. K., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2003) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0100015 · Cited by 97
Self-citationKordy, H., Hannöver, W., & Richard, M. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.2.173 · Cited by 84
Ellsworth, J. R., Lambert, M. J., & Johnson, J. E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.503 · Cited by 82
Self-citationCrits-Christoph, P. F., Ring‐Kurtz, S., Hamilton, J. L., Lambert, M. J., Gallop, R., McClure, B., Kulaga, A., & Rotrosen, J. (2011) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.09.003 · Cited by 81
Self-citationSpontaneous remission in adult neurotic disorders: A revision and summary.
Lambert, M. J. (1976) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.83.1.107 · Cited by 64
Self-citationSimon, W., Lambert, M. J., Busath, G. L., Vazquez, A., Berkeljon, A., Hyer, K., Granley, M., & Berrett, M. E. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.787497 · Cited by 61
Self-citationThe outcome problem in psychotherapy revisited.
Strupp, H. H. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0094491 · Cited by 56
The effects of psychotherapy: A reevaluation based on dosage
McNeilly, C. L., & Howard, K. I. (1991) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503309112331334081 · Cited by 54
A comparison of rational versus empirical methods in the prediction of psychotherapy outcome
Spielmans, G. I., Masters, K. S., & Lambert, M. J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.491 · Cited by 49
Self-citation[Psychological treatment of depression; a systematic review of meta-analyses].
Cuijpers, P. J., & Dekker, J. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 45
Dimidjian, S., & Hollon, S. D. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.001 · Cited by 41
Feedback in Group Psychotherapy Review and Implications
Kivlighan, D. M. (1985) · Small Group Behavior · doi:10.1177/0090552685163007 · Cited by 38
The outcome problem in psychotherapy: A rejoinder.
Strupp, H. H. (1964) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0088579 · Cited by 26
Evans, R., Mellor‐Clark, J., Barkham, M., & Mothersole, G. (2006) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642530600712494 · Cited by 23
(2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47174-4_2 · Cited by 23
The outcome problem in psychotherapy: A reply.
Eysenck, H. J. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0094490 · Cited by 18
Flowers, J. V. (1979) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1979.11491997 · Cited by 9
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Tipping Point for Measurement-Based Care
Fortney, J. C., Unützer, J., Wrenn, G. L., Pyne, J. M., Smith, G. R., Schoenbaum, M., & Harbin, H. T. (2016) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500439 · Cited by 592
Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.
Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0034332 · Cited by 443
Gideon, N., Hawkes, N., Mond, J., Saunders, R., Tchanturia, K., & Serpell, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152744 · Cited by 419
Cultural humility: A therapeutic framework for engaging diverse clients.
Mosher, D. K., Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., & Owen, J. J. (2017) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000055 · Cited by 306
Rozental, A., Kottorp, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157503 · Cited by 223
Metadata
- Authors
- Lambert, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lambert, Michael J.
- ORCID
- Lambert, Michael J.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-51
- ISSN
- 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1536
- OpenAlex
- W2043479766
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 17.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- psychotherapy outcome, treatment response, Eysenck, psychoanalysis, psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment effectiveness, treatment response assessment, non-responders, treatment deterioration
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Psychotherapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
