The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination–distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesized the results of 27 studies examining the relations of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination-distress for Black Americans. The purpose was to uncover which constructs connected to racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization most strongly correlate with racial discrimination and psychological distress. Discrimination significantly related to aspects of racial identity, including immersion-emersion, public regard, encounter, Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard, and internalization. Distress significantly correlated with preencounter/assimilation, encounter, public regard, immersion-emersion, and Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard. Several of these relationships were significantly moderated by the measure of racial identity or demographic variables (gender or age). Implications of these findings are discussed.
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“The magnitude of associations in our meta-analysis was similar (or slightly higher) than findings from previous meta-analyses that focused on these specific ethnic/racial population groups [28–31].”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035754 · Cited by 1,804
Ethnic–Racial Socialization in the Family: A Decade's Advance on Precursors and Outcomes
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., & Hill, N. E. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12622 · Cited by 482
Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature
Kirkinis, K., Pieterse, A. L., Martin, C., Agiliga, A. U., & Brownell, A. D. (2018) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1514453 · Cited by 368
Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Carter, R. T., Lau, M. Y., Johnson, V. E., & Kirkinis, K. (2017) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12076 · Cited by 289
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W1991139929
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- racial identity, ethnic identity, racial socialization, racial discrimination, psychological distress, African Americans, Afrocentrism, public regard, encounter, assimilation, gender differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Child, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Social Identification, Social Perception, Socialization, Stress, Psychological, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Racism
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