Cited by 222Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCounseling Practices and Supervision

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The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination–distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans

Lee, Debbiesiu L., Ahn, Soyeon·2013·Journal of Counseling Psychology

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Abstract

This meta-analysis synthesized the results of 27 studies examining the relations of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination-distress for Black Americans. The purpose was to uncover which constructs connected to racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization most strongly correlate with racial discrimination and psychological distress. Discrimination significantly related to aspects of racial identity, including immersion-emersion, public regard, encounter, Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard, and internalization. Distress significantly correlated with preencounter/assimilation, encounter, public regard, immersion-emersion, and Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard. Several of these relationships were significantly moderated by the measure of racial identity or demographic variables (gender or age). Implications of these findings are discussed.

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Authors: Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
ORCID: Lee, Debbiesiu L.
Ahn, Soyeon
Venue: Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
ISSN: 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
1939-2168
DOI: 10.1037/a0031275
OpenAlex: W1991139929
Cited by: 222
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 6.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords: racial identity, ethnic identity, racial socialization, racial discrimination, psychological distress, African Americans, Afrocentrism, public regard, encounter, assimilation, gender differences, age differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Child, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Social Identification, Social Perception, Socialization, Stress, Psychological, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Racism

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The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination–distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans

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