Developmental changes in parent–child communication throughout adolescence

“Guided by the significant gender differences both in the examined family variables (e.g., Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Smetana et al., 2024) and in school stress (e.g., Badura et al., 2024; Inchley et al., 2020), and current recommendations on the need not to assume that stress experiences and…”

“Ado-lescents’ natural developmental need for affiliation with peers, along with their increasing desire for privacy (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013 ; Ragelienė, 2016), may contribute to the risk of online sexual exploitation (Dimitropoulos et al., 2022).”

“High-quality parent-adolescent communication acts as a protective factor for preventing risk taking (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Stattin & Kerr, 2000).”

“All Topics ” group, consistent with past research suggesting parents talk to their daughters more than their sons (Branje et al., 2012; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“…period where children (a) spend more time away from parental oversight (Lam et al., 2014), (b) request more independence and privacy from their parents (Smetana et al., 2006), and as a result, (c) increasingly manage the information they share with their parents (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“Previous evidence suggests that early adolescents ’ strive for more autonomy and independence in their patterns of communication with parents (see Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“; Keijsers and Poulin, 2013; Ruhl, Dolan and Buhrmester, 2015.).”

“Socio-behavioural control: its correlates among adolescents Behavioural control includes setting limits, regulating rules, monitoring actions, and restricting behaviour (Barber, 2002; Li et al., 2013; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Soenens et al., 2012).”

“Perubahan dalam sistem keluarga terjadi, remaja semakin otonom, mulai semakin jarang menghabiskan waktu bersama orang tua dan menyimpan banyak rahasia dari orang tuanya serta cenderung lebih terbuka kepada teman (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Smetana & Metzger, 2008).”

“Mediante a contribuição de Stattin e Kerr (2000), definições mais abrangentes têm sido adotadas para avaliação de MP (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Keijsers et al., 2016; Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Low & Espelage, 2014).”

“Many theories have been used to examine Online Social Networks (OSNs) issues including privacy and privacy behaviors (Mullen & Hamilton, 2016; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Ranzini & Hoek, 2017; Child, Pearson, and Petronio, 2009).”

“Keijsers and Poulin (2013) also proffered that the parents lose their parental control during their children’s adolescence, since children have a strong willingness to be independent at that age.”

“Relationships and communication are commonly renegotiated during adolescence (Keijsers and Poulin 2013), therefore these changes may have implications for the achievement of key developmental tasks (Rudolph et al. 2008).”

“Consistent with the idea that solicitation changes as children move through different developmental stages (Keijsers and Poulin 2013), age was positively correlated with online solicitation of the adolescent and emerging adult, and negatively correlated with in-person solicitation of the youth’s…”

“…School of Social Work, University of Missouri – Columbia, 728 Clark Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-4470, USA 1 3 information with their parents (Keijsers, Branje, Frijns, Finkenauer, & Meeus, 2010; Laird, Marrero, Melching, & Kuhn, 2012) and frequency of sharing information (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“Family communication scholars have consistently demonstrated that adolescence represents a developmental period characterized by increasing autonomy, identity exploration, and renegotiation of parent–child relationships (Keijsers and Poulin, 2013).”

“Parent – adolescent relationships are renegotiated as autonomy increases, and communication patterns change across this developmental period (Branje, 2018; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“Evidence from longitudinal research indicates that middle adolescence is characterized by a sharp decline in parental behavioral control (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013), a concurrent rapid increase in psychological control (Rogers et al., 2020), and a peak in adolescents’ need for autonomy (Beyers et…”

“Particularly during adolescence, this communication is constantly renegotiated, and the process is often followed by conflict (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013), making it more challenging.”

“This differential approach has led to varied impacts on adolescent well-being (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; MacKenzie et al., 2015).”

“They seek greater independence of their parents, which may in turn affect parental behaviors (e.g., communication (Keijsers and Poulin, 2013) or co-regulation of emotions (Lougheed et al., 2016)), potentially contributing to non-uniform developmental patterns in parenting over time.”

“As parental monitoring decreases and access to online platforms broadens, adolescents have greater freedom to engage in peer-influenced gaming cultures, which empha - size competition, aggression, or rule-breaking (Livingstone et al., 2015; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“Studies show that teens who have supportive and responsive communication with their families have greater self-esteem, emotional regulation, and resilience, while teens who have limiting and restrictive family relations have lower levels of well-being and greater psychopathology [4][5].”

“These feelings may coincide with the natural progression of parent-child relationships since bonds typically improve during late adolescence, in part due to reduced need to argue as much over issues relating to independence (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“When adolescents become mature, they usually develop a greater sense of psychological boundaries and remain conscious of some personal information, which leads to a normative decrease in voluntary disclosure to parents [20,30,47].”

“Forced disclosure reduces adolescents’ information sharing (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“Much of youth disclosure regarding daily activities, schoolwork, and whereabouts during adolescence that served the purpose of parental monitoring no longer becomes developmentally appropriate as youth transition into young adulthood (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“) and the decreasing involvement of caregivers (Erath and Pettit 2021; Keijsers and Poulin 2013; Zimmer ‐ Gembeck and Skinner 2011).”

“Finally, we expected these conversations to become more positive with age given broader developmental trends (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Lefkowitz, 2005; Oliveira et al., 2020).”

“International studies further confirm that supportive parenting facilitates trust and open communication between parents and children, enhancing emotional closeness and relationship quality (Tokic & Pecnik, 2011; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013).”

“…on the longitudinal links between parental solicitation, child disclosure, and behavior problems during adolescence is extensive (Gault-Sherman, 2012; Keijsers et al., 2009; Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Kerr et al., 2010; Racz & McMahon, 2011; Tremblay-Pouliot & Poulin, 2021; Willoughby & Hamza, 2011).”

“Emotional communication can differ by gender, with females exhibiting more emotional disclosure with peers and parents than males (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Rose, 2021).”

“Further, parental influence is more directly reported in early adolescence and then decreases (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013), and younger adolescents demonstrated higher self-efficacy compared to older adolescents (Clark & Bussey, 2020).”

“For example, a decline in the quality of the parent–child relationship and the levels of parental involvement has been previously observed during adolescence (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Xu et al., 2020).”

“부모에게 하는 자발적 보고에 관한 선행연구들은 청소년 중기까지 자발적 보고가 감소한다고 밝혔다(Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Padilla-Walker, Son, & Nelson, 2018).”

“Ketidaknyamanan suasana di dalam rumah dapat menjadi salah satu alasan remaja meninggalkan rumah atau memilih untuk tinggal di luar rumahnya (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013; Tucker, Edelen, Ellickson, & Klein, 2011).”

“[11] Finally, there is a positive relationship between proper family upbringing and children's personality development.”