Relative influences: patterns of HPA axis concordance during triadic family interaction
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Within-family concordance in physiology may have implications for family system functioning and for individual health outcomes. Here, we examine patterns of association in cortisol within family triads. METHODS: A total of 103 adolescents and their parents sampled saliva at multiple timepoints before and after a conflict discussion task. We explored whether within-family associations existed and were moderated by stepparent presence and youth gender, and whether within-family patterns of influence correlated with individuals' aggregate cortisol. RESULTS: Across the laboratory visit, the cortisol levels of fathers, mothers, and youth were positively associated. In time-lagged models, mothers' cortisol predicted fathers' cortisol levels sampled at the following timepoint, whereas fathers' predicted youths' and youths' predicted mothers' cortisol. These patterns appeared stronger in families not including stepparents. Youth gender moderated some associations: in the aggregate, youth were more strongly linked with their same-gender parent. In time-lagged models, girls were more closely linked to their mothers than boys, and both parents were more linked to girls. Youth showed higher aggregate cortisol output if they were more linked with their mothers, and lower output if more linked with their fathers; parents had higher output if they were more linked with their spouses and lower output if more linked with their children. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that family members' physiological activation may be linked during shared interaction, and that these patterns may be affected by family role and by youth gender. Our findings identify specific patterns of physiological influence within families that may inform family systems theories.
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In older adulthood, attunement may culminate in deeply embodied mutual regulation, with some evidence suggesting shared physiological decline and increased mortality risk following the loss of a spouse.
“In older adulthood, this attunement may culminate in deeply embodied mutual regulation, with some evidence suggesting shared physiological decline and increased mortality risk following the loss of a spouse (100, 101).”
From Physiological attunement and flourishing: understanding the influence of relationships on health (2025) · cites this paper as [100]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) reports coordinated cortisol responses among family members, supporting the idea of embodied physiological attunement. It treats effects across the life course and on mortality as questions for future study; it does not report shared physiological decline or increased mortality risk after a spouse’s death in older adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring a family conflict discussion, fathers', mothers', and adolescents' cortisol levels were positively correlated; mothers' cortisol was predicted by adolescents', fathers' by mothers', and adolescents' by fathers'.
“During this laboratory study, fathers', mothers', and adolescents' cortisol levels were positively correlated.Results showed that the mothers' cortisol level was predicted by that of the adolescents', the fathers' cortisol level was predicted by that of the mothers', and adolescents' cortisol level was predicted by that of the fathers'.”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Saxbe et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Saxbe, D. E., Margolin, G., Spies Shapiro, L., Ramos, M., Rodriguez, A., & Iturralde, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 273-281
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- PMC
- PMC4318506
- OpenAlex
- W2075581215
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH-NRSA (F32HD063255)
- NIH-NICHD (R01 HD046807)
- David and Lucile Packard Foundation (00-12802)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, family systems theory, stepparents, parent-child relationship, family conflict, adolescents, mothers, fathers, family roles
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Conflict, Psychological, Fathers, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Sex Factors, Time Factors
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