“Would you tell under circumstances like that?”: Barriers to disclosure of child sexual abuse for men.
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Traditional abuse research suggests that fears associated with gender roles and stigmatization act as barriers to disclosing sexual victimization for men in particular.
“Traditional abuse research suggests that fears associated with gender roles and stigmatization act as barriers to disclosing sexual victimization for men in particular (e.g., Easton et al., 2014).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
Negative disclosure experiences may reduce the likelihood of the process progressing and future disclosure in the event of re-victimization.
“Negative disclosure experiences may reduce the likelihood of the process progressing – e.g., reporting to authorities – and future disclosure in the event of re-victimization (Easton et al., 2014; Jackson et al., 2017).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
In Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014), the vast majority of participants (94.6%) were sexually abused by another male.
“Vast majority of participants (94.6%) were sexually abused by another male.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
In Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014), ten years old was the average age of CSA onset.
“Ten years old was average age of CSA onset.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
In Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014), ten categories of barriers were classified into three domains: sociopolitical, interpersonal, and personal.
“Ten categories of barriers were classified into three domains: (1) sociopolitical: masculinity, limited resources; (2) interpersonal: mistrust of others, fear of being labeled “gay,” safety and protection issues, past responses; and (3) personal: internal emotions, seeing the experience as sexual abuse, and sexual orientation.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
In Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014), duration of sexual abuse broke down into 30.2% less than 6 months, 32.3% 6 months to 3 years, and 34.3% more than 3 years.
“Duration of sexual abuse broke down into: 30.2% less than 6 months, 32.3% 6 months to 3 years, and 34.3% more than 3 years.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
Knowledge construction has shifted from predominantly intrapersonal factors of child victims to fuller social-ecological, person-in-environment explanations.
“Where at one time factors examined and identified were predominantly of intrapersonal factors of child victims, knowledge construction has shifted to fuller social–ecological, person-in-environment explanations”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
Predominant gender norms around masculinity reinforce the tendency for male victims of CSA to blame themselves for the abuse, resulting in no disclosure.
“These authors suggest that predominant gender norms around masculinity reinforce the tendency for male victims of CSA to blame themselves for the abuse, resulting in no disclosure.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
Males may be less likely to disclose in childhood/adolescence.
“Gender: Males may be less likely to disclose in childhood/adolescence, fear of being seen as homosexual and as a victim, females experience more self-blame and anticipation of being blamed and/or not believed”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
A number of studies have recently focused on CSA disclosures with male victims, since males have been an understudied population.
“A number of studies have recently focused on CSA disclosures with male victims, since males have been an understudied population”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014) have been developing gender-specific modeling of disclosure examining male disclosures, grouping male disclosures into barrier categories determined by individual factors, interpersonal issues, and sociopolitical factors.
“Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014) have been developing gender-specific modeling of disclosure examining male disclosures. Their proposed model groups male disclosures into barrier categories as determined by individual factors, interpersonal issues, and factors that are sociopolitical in nature.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014)
Cultural barriers include children's voices not being heard leading to silencing, the normalization of the sexualization and objectification of girls and women, and the perpetuation of hypermasculinity in men, all acting as barriers in terms of stigma to disclosure.
“Findings related to cultural barriers included themes of children’s voices not being heard leading to silencing, the normalization of the sexualization and objectification of girls and women, and the perpetuation of hypermasculinity in men—all acting as barriers in terms of stigma to disclosure (Alaggia, 2005, 2010; Easton et al., 2014).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Easton et al., 2014
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Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016)
Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017697312 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014) have been developing gender-specific modeling of disclosure examining male disclosures.”
BackgroundInfluentialSexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., & David Finkelhor, B. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519873975 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Alaggia, R., & Wang, S. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104312 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
O’Neal, E. N. (2017) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1406977 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Sivagurunathan, M., Orchard, T., MacDermid, J. C., & Evans, M. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Easton, S. D., & Kong, J. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.011 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationA scoping review of adult survivors’ experiences of shame following sexual abuse in childhood
MacGinley, M., Breckenridge, J., & Mowll, J. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12771 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse
Latiff, M. A., Fang, L., Goh, D. A., & Tan, L. J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106564 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Allnock, D. S., & Atkinson, R. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Men
O’Leary, P., Easton, S. D., & Gould, N. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515586362 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Shame, guilt, and feelings of inferiority as a man were evident in these transcripts and have been reported in other qualitative studies (Dorahy & Clearwater, 2012; Easton et al., 2014; Willis et al., 2014).”
ResultSelf-citationMen with childhood sexual abuse histories: Disclosure experiences and links with mental health
Romano, E., Moorman, J., Ressel, M., & Lyons, J. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Recognition, telling and getting help with abuse and neglect: Young people's perspectives
Cossar, J., Belderson, P., & Brandon, M. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104469 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pereda, N., Abad, J., & Guilera, G. (2016) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1123791 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Child Sexual Abuse and Depression in Late Life for Men: A Population-Based, Longitudinal Analysis
Easton, S. D., Kong, J., Gregas, M., Shen, C., & Shafer, K. M. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx114 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Delayed disclosure, lack of support services, and lack of training among health care providers (Easton, 2013; Easton et al., 2014; Gruenfeld, Willis, & Easton, 2017) may undermine assessment and treatment of men with histories of CSA.”
Self-citationThe Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Men’s Sexual Function: A Systematic Review
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., & Opuda, E. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020939134 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Secret of Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: Who Keeps It and How?
Tener, D. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1390715 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Finally, sociocultural factors may include the survivor’s feeling that society cannot bear stories of abuse that do not fit the social script, particularly those of sexually abused males or being sexually abused by a woman (Denov, 2003; Draucker & Martsolf, 2008; Easton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKong, J., & Easton, S. D. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby035 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationHalvorsen, J. E., Solberg, E. T., & Stige, S. H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104999 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“It also takes a longer time for boys to tell about CSA compared to girls (Lippert et al., 2009; Easton, 2013; Easton et al., 2014), and being older is a barrier to disclosure among boys (Easton et al.”
BackgroundHohendorff, J. V., Habigzang, L. F., & Koller, S. H. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wallis, C. R. D., & Woodworth, M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104604 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mathews, B. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Young, S., Pruett, J. A., & Colvin, M. L. (2016) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063216677785 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Research with male sexual assault victims suggests that “disclosure is rarely a discrete, one-time event, but rather a complicated, extended process” (Easton et al., 2014, p. 468), which may inform the many documented long pauses during conversations, avoidance of questions, and the frequent and…”
BackgroundEaston, S. D., Leone-Sheehan, D. M., Sophis, E. J., & Willis, D. G. (2015) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2015.997413 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationListening to the Therapeutic Needs of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Rapsey, C. M., Campbell, A., Clearwater, K., & Patterson, T. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517701453 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…with prior qualitative research, the present study indicates that engagement in formal therapy can be beneficial (Easton et al., 2015) but that there are multiple barriers to therapeutic engagement (Alaggia & Mishna, 2014; Easton et al., 2014; Gagnier & Collin-Vézina, 2016; Willis et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrattfjell, M. L., & Flåm, A. M. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.022 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gender Differences in the Disclosure of Sexual Abuse in Chilean Adolescents
Guerra, C., Arredondo, V., Saavedra, C., Pinto-Cortez, C. G., Benguria, A., & Orrego, A. (2021) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2672 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lived Experiences of Grooming Among Australian Male Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse
Plummer, M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517732539 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Easton, S. D., Leone-Sheehan, D. M., & O’Leary, P. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516650966 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationExamination of a Nascent Taxonomy of Priest Sexual Grooming
Spraitz, J. D., & Bowen, K. N. (2018) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063218809095 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Spain: A Representative Sample Study
Ferragut, M., Ortiz‐Tallo, M., & Blanca, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211042804 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In their examination of disclosure among men, Easton et al. (2014) suggest that predominant gender norms around masculinity push male victims to blame themselves, such that they are less likely to talk about their experience or even recognize it as abuse.”
BackgroundEmotional and Sexual Correlates of Child Sexual Abuse as a Function of Self-Definition Status
Vaillancourt‐Morel, M., Godbout, N., Bédard, M. G., Charest, É., Briere, J., & Sabourin, S. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516656069 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In a qualitative analysis of barriers to disclosure in 460 male CSA survivors, negative emotions in childhood and across the life span, such as fear, guilt, anger, and disgust, were significant deterrents to disclosure for more than half of the participants (Easton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialGruenfeld, E., Willis, D. G., & Easton, S. D. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1332704 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Similarly, other scholars found that disclosure barriers grouped in one arena interacted with other arenas (Easton et al., 2014; Sorsoli et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBlogging about sexual assault: a thematic analysis
Fawcett, H., & Shrestha, L. (2015) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-05-2015-0032 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Richter, L., Mathews, S., Nonterah, E. A., & Masilela, L. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Untested assumptions: psychological research and credibility assessment in legal decision-making
Herlihy, J., & Turner, S. W. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27380 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sexual Violence Against Children
Walker-Descartes, I., Hopgood, G., Condado, L. V., & Legano, L. A. (2021) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2020.12.006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Broban, A., den Bergh, R. V., Russell, W., Benedetti, G., Caluwaerts, S., Owiti, P., Reid, A. J. S., & Plecker, E. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237060 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Mental Health among Men with Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories
Snow, J., Moorman, J., & Romano, E. (2021) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2021.1970677 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Men, including those with CSA histories, are often influenced by socialization messages that emphasize traditional masculine norms, such as selfreliance, toughness, and restriction of emotion (Easton et al., 2014; Levant et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Relationship Between Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Dysfunction in Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Wang, S.-J., Chang, J.-J., Cao, L., Li, Y., Yuan, M., Wang, G., & Su, P. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221113780 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“When sexually assaulted by men, many men survivors of CSA fear being perceived as homosexual and victimized and therefore are not forthcoming in disclosing CSA or seeking help after CSA (Easton et al., 2014).”
It Happened to Me: A Qualitative Analysis of Boys’ Narratives About Child Sexual Abuse
Foster, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1360426 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For a broader view on adult MSA see Foster (2016), Easton (2013), Easton, Coohey, Rhodes, and Moorthy (2013), Easton, Saltzman, and Willis (2014), Lew (2004), and Siegel (2003).)”
BackgroundGuerra, C., Pinto-Cortez, C. G., Toro, E., Efthymiadou, E., & Quayle, E. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105219 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on the Parenting of Male Survivors
Wark, J., & Vis, J. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016673600 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This conformity to masculine norms of emotional control is a strong influencing factor on male survivors’ decisions not to disclose their abuse (Cermack & Molidor, 1996; Chan, 2014; Easton et al., 2014; KiaKeating, Grossman, Sorsoli, & Epstein, 2005; Romano & De Luca, 2005; Sorsoli, Kia-Keating, & Grossman, 2008).”
BackgroundBlakey, J. M., Glaude, M. W., & Jennings, S. W. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104092 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bogen, K. W., Haikalis, M., Lopez, R. J. M., López, G., & Orchowski, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520922365 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…unclear whether negative responses have a greater potential for harm than positive responses have potential for benefit, as has been found when assessing the impact of in-person disclosure on survivors’ psychological distress and symptomatology (Edwards et al., 2015; Orchowski & Gidycz, 2015).”
BackgroundChaplo, S. D., Kerig, P. K., Modrowski, C. A., & Bennett, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0122-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pease, E. R., Ziegelmann, M., Vencill, J. A., Kok, S. N., Collins, C. S., & Betcher, H. K. (2022) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.05.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Widanaralalage, B. K., Jennings, S., Dando, C., & Mackenzie, J.-M. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241246217 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These data reveal a substantial proportion of male sexual victimization remains unreported, highlighting the ongoing struggle men face in acknowledging and disclosing their experiences of victimization (Easton et al., 2014; Sorsoli et al., 2008; Widanaralalage, Hine, Murphy, et al., 2022).”
Background#Me(n)Too? Online Social Support Toward Male and Female Survivors of Sexual Victimization
Lowenstein-Barkai, H. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520905095 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Easton et al. (2014) who focused on male survivors of childhood sexual abuse noted three primary domains of barriers that deter, obstruct, and discourage men from disclosing: (a) sociopolitical, (b) interpersonal, and (c) personal.”
BackgroundGuyon, R., Fernet, M., Canivet, C., Tardif, M., & Godbout, N. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104481 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, an experience in which a boy was compelled to have sexual activities and felt powerless weakens these masculine conceptions and can cause psychological distress and induce shame in the survivor’s sense of self (Alaggia & Millington, 2008; Easton, 2014).”
Background#WhyIDidntReport: Reasons why young Israelis do not submit complaints regarding sexual abuse
Dolev-Cohen, M., Ricon, T., & Levkovich, I. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105044 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
McPherson, L., Gatwiri, K., Graham, A. P., Rotumah, D., Hand, K., Modderman, C., Chubb, J., & James, S. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-024-09825-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…child sexual abuse, male survivors feared not being believed, justifiably, as historically there was a lack of awareness of the existence of male child sexual abuse, despite researchers finding that approximately 15% of adult men report being sexually abused during childhood (Easton et al., 2014).”
InfluentialBatchelder, A., Fitch, C., Feinstein, B. A., Thiim, A., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02037-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Asking the Question: Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adults with Mental Illness
Mansfield, Y., Meehan, T., Forward, R., & Richardson-Clarke, F. (2016) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2016.1213873 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Disclosure and non-disclosure of childhood sexual abuse in Australia: Results from a national survey
Mathews, B., David Finkelhor, B., Collin‐Vézina, D., Malacova, E., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., Higgins, D. J., Meinck, F., Pacella, R., Erskine, H. E., et al. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107183 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Padrões de revelação e descoberta do abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes
Baía, P. A. D., Veloso, M. M. X., Habigzang, L. F., Dell’Aglio, D. D., & Magalhães, C. M. C. (2015) · Revista de psicología · doi:10.5354/0719-0581.2015.37007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Easton, S., & Parchment, T. M. (2021) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104922 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Sexual Abuse and Depression among American Indians in Adulthood
Easton, S. D., Roh, S., Kong, J., & Lee, Y.-S. (2019) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlz005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGjika, A., & Marganski, A. J. (2020) · International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy · doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i4.1439 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Male victims also face sociocultural barriers, with pressure to conform to masculine ideals (e.g., being strong, being in control, not showing emotion), and sociopolitical barriers, with limited community resources to serve gender-specific needs (Easton et al. 2014).”
BackgroundChildhood Sexual Abuse: A Longitudinal Study of Disclosures and Denials
Hartman, D. T., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Goldfarb, D., Vidales, D., Qin, J., Eisen, M. L., & Goodman, G. S. (2023) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595231165335 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Perhaps as a result of these additional challenges, males are less likely than females to disclose CSA and are more likely to delay disclosing CSA (e.g., Cashmore et al., 2017; Easton et al., 2014; Stoltenborgh et al., 2011; Wallis & Woodworth, 2020; Widom & Morris, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialMorrison, M., Pettus‐Davis, C., Drake, B., Roth, K. B., & Renn, T. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2289189 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
McElvaney, R. (2018) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1554612 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bogen, K. W., Leach, N. R., Lopez, R. J. M., & Orchowski, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2018.1509576 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Online Sexual Solicitation of Children and Adolescents in a High-Risk Population
Hornor, G., Billa, A., Daniels, A., Ibrahim, A., Landers, T., Prince, C., Wilkinson, K., & Wolfe, K. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2022.04.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Abuso sexual infantil en México: conductas de riesgo e indicadores de salud mental en adolescentes
Valdez‐Santiago, R., Villalobos, A., Arenas-Monreal, L. M., Celis, K. F., & Lira, L. R. (2020) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.21149/11924 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ware, J., Blagden, N., & Harper, C. A. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1558944 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Shame has also been identified as a barrier to disclosure of child sexual abuse (Easton, Saltzman, and Willis 2014).”
BackgroundSiddik, M. A. B., Manjur, M., Pervin, I., Khan, M. B. U., & Sikder, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100736 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chiasson, C., Moorman, J., Romano, E., Vezarov, M., Cameron, A. J. B., & Smith, A. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105340 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
What Do Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse Believe Will Facilitate Early Disclosure of Sexual Abuse?
Solberg, E. T., Halvorsen, J. E., & Stige, S. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.639341 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Many children do not self-label their experiences as sexual abuse (24, 25), others feel a strong ambiguity toward the perpetrator, especially if this is a primary caretaker (5, 24, 26– 28), or they experience feelings of fear, shame and guilt (29–31).”
Rice, S., Kealy, D., Seidler, Z. E., Walton, C. C., Oliffe, J. L., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114110 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Coburn, P. I., Harvey, M. B., Anderson, S. F., Price, H. L., Chong, K., & Connolly, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1580329 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mathews, B., Bromfield, L., & Walsh, K. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9050075 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A substantial body of evidence shows that many survivors of child sexual abuse will not ever tell anyone about their experience, or will only do so years or decades later (Alaggia et al. 2019; Easton 2013; Easton et al. 2014; Lemaigre et al. 2017; McElvaney 2013; Smith et al. 2000).”
BackgroundGuyon, R., Fernet, M., Dussault, É., Gauthier-Duchesne, A., Cousineau, M., Tardif, M., & Godbout, N. (2021) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2021.1942369 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Regarding men survivors, they are less likely to disclose their CSA experiences because of how they think they will be perceived if they do (Alaggia et al., 2019; Easton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialPicchetti, V., Stamatakis, C. E., Annor, F., Massetti, G. M., & Hegle, J. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105916 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Male Victims of Sexual Abuse: Impact and Resilience Processes, a Qualitative Study
Poirson, L., Robin, M., Shadili, G., Lamothe, J., Corruble, E., Gressier, F., & Essadek, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11131868 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Feelings of powerlessness and loss of control, reported by many male victims, seem to be thought of as being a consequence of male gender socialisation [3,9,17].”
BackgroundMeneses, F. F. F., Ströher, L. M. C., Setúbal, C. B., et al. (2016) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2016.91.08 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Male Survivors of Institutional Child Sexual Abuse: A Review
Wyles, P., O’Leary, P., Tsantefski, M., & Young, A. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241277272 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Attrash-Najjar, A., Cohen, N., Glucklich, T., & Katz, C. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106144 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disclosure of child sexual abuse: Directions for breaking new ground
Easton, S. D. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104287 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationZero tolerance to sexual harm in schools – from broken rules to broken systems
Lloyd, J., & Bradbury-Leather, V. (2022) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2022.2057605 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The wider literature base beyond schools suggests that disclosure may be inhibited by fears of negative reaction from peers and others (Easton et al., 2014; Münzer et al., 2016; RCIR, 2017), oppressive norms associated with masculinity, such as being called “gay” (Easton et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialManrai, R., Alaeddine, R., Elorreaga, G., Garrett, L. T., & Guerra, C. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105034 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Men survivors’ perspectives on impact of child sexual abuse
Sharma, A. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106485 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Association of Contact Sexual Violence Victimization and Health in the U.S.
Basile, K. C., Chen, J., Friar, N. W., Smith, S. G., & Leemis, R. W. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.01.022 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gottschall, S., Lee, J. E. C., & Edge, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22784 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Family Dynamics of Boys Victims of Sexual Abuse
Said, A. P., & Costa, L. F. (2019) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e2908 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In a study of 460 men with a history of childhood sexual abuse, Easton et al. (2014) surveyed the main barriers to disclosure the abusive situation and found that men postponed disclosure motivated by the fear of becoming homosexuals and becoming sexual abusers later.”
BackgroundRoberts, S. (2020) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1841351 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“239), the extent to which they disclose abuse, and responses to that (Easton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHard to reach? Methodological challenges researching vulnerable, gang‐involved, young people
Barker, R., Bonell, C. P., & Meléndez‐Torres, G. J. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14092 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“3 Moreover, qualitative research with vulnerable people who have been subject to various forms of abuse reports a range of inhibitions to disclosing information including mistrust of others, 34 fear of not being believed 35 and fear of perpetrator retribution.”
BackgroundBarriers and Facilitators for Sexual Trauma Disclosure in Boys and Men: A Systematic Review
Pilkington, V., Bendall, S., Rice, S., Salter, M., Wilson, M. J., & Seidler, Z. E. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251325210 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“At times, these fears were informed by direct threats and negative past disclosure experiences (e.g., Easton et al., 2014; Sivagurunathan et al., 2019).”
InfluentialRetrospective Perceptions of Grooming in Same-Sex versus Opposite-Sex Child Sexual Abuse
Spenard, K. D., & Cash, D. K. (2022) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2022.2123755 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Detecting Grooming Behaviors in Same-Sex versus Opposite-Sex Child Sexual Abuse
Spenard, K. D., & Cash, D. K. (2022) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2022.2146561 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Russell, D. H., & Higgins, D. J. (2023) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2825 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Sexual abuse of boys is perceived to be a violation of gender norms for masculinity, creating an additional obstacle to disclosure for boys and men (Easton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDario, L. M., & O’Neal, E. N. (2017) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2017.1314845 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Myrie, Z. E., & Schwab, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2022.2155599 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Limitations of CSA studies representing racial and ethnic minority experiences, make it difficult to identify potential differences in CSA attributes (Easton et al., 2014; Elkins et al., 2017; Gray & Rarick, 2018).”
BackgroundResultPetersson, C. C., & Plantin, L. O. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00576-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The vic-timization of male CSA survivors may be stigmatizing and places the men in a position as weak, vulnerable, powerless and passive, which results in strong feelings of inferiority, shame, self-blame and low self-esteem (Easton et al., 2014, 2019 ).”
Sexual abuse and mental ill health in boys and men: what we do and don't know
Rice, S., Easton, S. D., Seidler, Z. E., & Oliffe, J. L. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.508 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, A. W., Williams, A. H., PettyJohn, M. E., Cash, S. J., & Schwab‐Reese, L. M. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106401 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Covers, M. L. V., Teeuwen, J., & Bicanic, I. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211015220 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This barrier to disclose is related to commonly held myths surrounding male sexual assault victimization (Easton et al., 2014; Lowe & Rogers, 2017; Sorsoli et al., 2008; Turchik & Edwards, 2012).”
BackgroundHasson, R. G., Crea, T. M., Easton, S. D., & Underwood, D. (2021) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12895 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSiti Nurbayani, K., Dede, M., & Malihah, E. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun · doi:10.26811/peuradeun.v10i1.657 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
McPhillips, K., McEwan, T., Death, J., & Richards, K. (2022) · Religion and Gender · doi:10.1163/18785417-01201008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Easton, S. D., Saltzman, L. Y., & Willis, D. G.
- Corresponding author
- Easton, Scott D.
- Venue
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 460-469
- ISSN
- 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-151X
- OpenAlex
- W2134242414
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
- Society for Social Work and Research 18th Annual Conference: Research for Social Change: Addressing Local and Global Challenges
- Funders
- John A. Hartford Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, disclosure, barriers to disclosure, men, male victims, child abuse survivors
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