Cited by 109Aging and Gerontology ResearchCognitive Abilities and TestingCognitive Functions and Memory

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Training versus engagement as paths to cognitive enrichment with aging.

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Stine-Morrow, Elizabeth A. L., Payne, Brennan R., Roberts, Brent W., Kramer, Arthur F., Morrow, Daniel G., Payne, Laura, Hill, Patrick L., Jackson, Joshua J., Gao, Xuefei, Noh, Soo Rim, Janke, Megan C., Parisi, Jeanine M.·2014·Psychology and Aging

DOI 10.1037/a0038244PMC PMC4361254

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Abstract

While a training model of cognitive intervention targets the improvement of particular skills through instruction and practice, an engagement model is based on the idea that being embedded in an intellectually and socially complex environment can impact cognition, perhaps even broadly, without explicit instruction. We contrasted these 2 models of cognitive enrichment by randomly assigning healthy older adults to a home-based inductive reasoning training program, a team-based competitive program in creative problem solving, or a wait-list control. As predicted, those in the training condition showed selective improvement in inductive reasoning. Those in the engagement condition, on the other hand, showed selective improvement in divergent thinking, a key ability exercised in creative problem solving. On average, then, both groups appeared to show ability-specific effects. However, moderators of change differed somewhat for those in the engagement and training interventions. Generally, those who started either intervention with a more positive cognitive profile showed more cognitive growth, suggesting that cognitive resources enabled individuals to take advantage of environmental enrichment. Only in the engagement condition did initial levels of openness and social network size moderate intervention effects on cognition, suggesting that comfort with novelty and an ability to manage social resources may be additional factors contributing to the capacity to take advantage of the environmental complexity associated with engagement. Collectively, these findings suggest that training and engagement models may offer alternative routes to cognitive resilience in late life.

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Authors: Stine-Morrow, E. A. L., Payne, B. R., Roberts, B. W., Kramer, A. F., Morrow, D. G., Payne, L., Hill, P. L., Jackson, J. J., Gao, X., Noh, S. R., Janke, M. C., & Parisi, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Carleton University (CA)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Max Planck Society (DE)
Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
East Carolina University (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Payne, Brennan R.
Roberts, Brent W.
Kramer, Arthur F.
Payne, Laura
Hill, Patrick L.
Jackson, Joshua J.
Gao, Xuefei
Noh, Soo Rim
Janke, Megan C.
Parisi, Jeanine M.
Venue: Psychology and Aging
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014-12
Volume: 29
Issue: 4
Pages: 891-906
ISSN: 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
1939-1498
DOI: 10.1037/a0038244
PMC: PMC4361254
OpenAlex: W2094522386
Semantic Scholar: 906dd53be07b6506ef38320c9f2b26ca2853a954
Cited by: 109
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01 AG029475)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: cognitive enrichment, cognitive aging, older adults, cognitive training, environmental enrichment, inductive reasoning, divergent thinking, creative problem solving, team-based intervention, cognitive resilience, openness to experience, social network size, home-based intervention
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Competitive Behavior, Environment, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Human Activities, Logic, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Patient Compliance, Patient Dropouts, Problem Solving, Social Support, Biomedical Enhancement

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