Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife

Gates, Nicola J; Rutjes, Anne WS; Di Nisio, Marcello; Karim, Salman; Chong, Lee-Yee; March, Evrim; Martínez, Gabriel; Vernooij, Robin WM

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012278.pub2

Cited by 46Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCognitive Abilities and TestingCognitive Functions and Memory

Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife

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Gates, Nicola J, Rutjes, Anne WS, Di Nisio, Marcello, Karim, Salman, Chong, Lee-Yee, March, Evrim, Martínez, Gabriel, Vernooij, Robin WM·2019·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd012278.pub2PMC PMC6415131

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Normal aging is associated with changes in cognitive function that are non-pathological and are not necessarily indicative of future neurocognitive disease. Low cognitive and brain reserve and limited cognitive stimulation are associated with increased risk of dementia. Emerging evidence now suggests that subtle cognitive changes, detectable years before criteria for mild cognitive impairment are met, may be predictive of future dementia. Important for intervention and reduction in disease risk, research also suggests that engaging in stimulating mental activity throughout adulthood builds cognitive and brain reserve and reduces dementia risk. Therefore, midlife (defined here as 40 to 65 years) may be a suitable time to introduce cognitive interventions for maintaining cognitive function and, in the longer term, possibly preventing or delaying the onset of clinical dementia. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of computerised cognitive training interventions lasting at least 12 weeks for maintaining or improving cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife. SEARCH METHODS: We searched up to 31 March 2018 in ALOIS (www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois), the specialised register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (CDCIG). We ran additional searches in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO Portal/ICTRP at www.apps.who.int/trialsearch, to ensure that the search was as comprehensive and as up-to-date as possible, to identify published, unpublished, and ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs, published or unpublished, reported in any language. Participants were cognitively healthy people between 40 and 65 years of age (80% of study population within this age range). Experimental interventions adhered to the following criteria: intervention was any form of interactive computerised cognitive intervention - including computer exercises, computer games, mobile devices, gaming console, and virtual reality - that involved repeated practice on standardised exercises of specified cognitive domain(s) for the purpose of enhancing cognitive function; duration of the intervention was at least 12 weeks; cognitive outcomes were measured; and cognitive training interventions were compared with active or inactive control interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: For preliminary screening of search results, we used a 'crowd' method to identify RCTs. At least two review authors working independently screened remaining citations against inclusion criteria; independently extracted data; and assessed the quality of the included trial, using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. We used GRADE to describe the overall quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We identified one eligible study that examined the effect of computerised cognitive training (CCT) in 6742 participants over 50 years of age, with training and follow-up duration of six months. We considered the study to be at high risk of attrition bias and the overall quality of the evidence to be low.Researchers provided no data on our primary outcome. Results indicate that there may be a small advantage for the CCT group for executive function (mean difference (MD) -1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.85 to -1.29; participants = 3994; low-quality evidence) and a very small advantage for the control group for working memory (MD 0.09, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.15; participants = 5831; low-quality evidence). The intervention may have had little or no effect on episodic memory (MD -0.03, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.04; participants = 3090; low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found low-quality evidence from only one study. We are unable to determine whether computerised cognitive training is effective in maintaining global cognitive function among healthy adults in midlife. We strongly recommend that high-quality studies be undertaken to investigate the effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive training in midlife, using interventions that last long enough that they may have enduring effects on cognitive and brain reserve, and with investigators following up long enough to assess effects on clinically important outcomes in later life.

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Three systematic reviews in the general population found no evidence of generalised cognition improvement from specific cognitive interventions, including computerised cognitive training, although the trained domain might improve.
“Three systematic reviews in the general population found no evidence of generalised cognition improvement from specific cognitive interventions, including computerised cognitive training, although the domain trained might improve.52, 53, 54”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
The Authors’ conclusions (page unavailable) say the review could not determine whether computerised cognitive training maintains global cognition in healthy adults in midlife. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports a possible small improvement in executive function, but the sole eligible trial did not measure global cognition. The claim extends this limited finding to the general population and to cognitive interventions beyond the computerised training assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Does Cognitive Training Improve Internal Locus of Control Among Older Adults?
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Effects of Cognitive Training on Gray Matter Volumes in Memory Clinic Patients with Subjective Memory Impairment
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Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 316 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Medicine, ECIM 2010 Berlin, Germany. 2010; Vol. Conference Start: 20101203. Conference End: 20101204: 264.
Kholin 2010 {published data only} Kholin V. Cognitive-emotional stimulation in mild cognitive impairment. Conference: 14th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies, EFNS Geneva Switzerland. 2010; Vol. Conference Start: 20100925. Conference End: 20100928:362.
Kim 2012 {published data only} Kim GH, Jeon S, Lee BH, Kim HS, Chin JH, Kim GY. Robot assisted cognitive training can change the brain in the elderly: a single blind, randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Conference: 5th Conference Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease Monte Carlo, Monaco. 2012; Vol. Conference Start: 20121029. Conference End: 20121031: 865-6.
Kim 2015 {published data only} Kim GH, Jeon S, Im K, Kwon H, Lee BH, Kim GY, et al. Structural brain changes after traditional and robot-assisted. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0123251.
Willis 2006a {published data only} Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, Ball K, Elias J, Koepke KM, et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA 2006;296(23):2805-14.
Willis 2007 {published data only} Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, Ball K, Elias J, Mann Koepke K, Morris JN, Rebok GW, Unverzagt FW, Stoddard AM, Wright E, ACTIVE Study Group. Long-term Effects of Cognitive Training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults. American Journal of Health Promotion 2007; 21(5):469-70.
Yassuda 2015 {published data only} Yassuda MS, Camargo MC, Brum PS, Bento T, Silva L, Spindola L. Working memory training: effects on cognition and psychological wellbeing of seniors without dementia and depression. Conference: Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2015 Washington, DC, United States 2015;Conference Start: 20150718. Conference End: 20150723:P462.
"memory enhance*".ti,ab. 37. "memory rehab*".ti,ab. 38. "brain exercis*".ti,ab. 39. "cognitive rehab*".ti,ab. 40. "cognitive rehab*".ti,ab. 41. "mnemonic train*".ti,ab. 42. CST.ti,ab. 43. (mental adj3 activit*).ti,ab. 44. "cognitive intervention*".ti,ab. 45. "cognitive motor intervention*".ti,ab. 46. "cognition based intervention*".ti,ab. 47. "cognitive enrich*".ti,ab. 48. "reality orientation".ti,ab. 49. (memory adj2 game*).ti,ab. 50. or/31-49 51. 18 and 30 and 50 52. *Cognition/ 53. (MCI or "mild cognitive impairment" or elderly or "old* adults" or "middle age*") .ti 54. ("cognitive stimulation" or "cognitive training").ti,ab. 55. 19 or 20 or 21 56. 52 and 53 and 54 and 55 57. 51 not 56 CINAHL (EBSCOhost) [Date of most recent search: 31 March 2018] Jan 2015: 390 Jul 2015: 13 Feb 2016: 57 Jul 2016: 12 Mar 2018: 125 ISI Web of Science [includes: Web of Science (1945-present); BIOSIS Pre- views (1926-present); MEDLINE (1950- present); Journal Citation Reports]; BIO- ("mild cognitive impairment" OR elderly OR "age* subjects" OR "old* adult*" OR "middle age*" OR MCI) AND TOPIC: ("randomly allocated" OR "random alloca- Jan 2015: 333 Jul 2015: 44 Feb 2016: 108 Jul 2016: 35 (Continued) SIS Previews [Date of most recent search: 31 March 2018]

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“51 54 A meta-analysis of 17 controlled trials of at least 4 hours of computerised cognitive training, (n=351, control n=335) for mild cognitive impairment, found a moderate effect on general cognition post-training (Hedges’ g=0·4, 0·2–0·5); 55 however few high quality studies and no long-term high…”
Retracted
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Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life
Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., Chong, L., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012277.pub2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life.
Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., Chong, L.-Y., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W. M. (2020) · Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern · doi:10.7892/boris.141265
Self-citation
Computerised cognition-based interventions for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife
Gates, N. J., Karim, S., Rutjes, A. W., Ware, J. J., Chong, L. Y., March, E. G., & Vernooij, R. W. M. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012278 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment
Gates, N. J., Vernooij, R. W. M., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Rutjes, A. W. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012279.pub2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise interventions for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid life
Forbes, S. C., Forbes, D. A., Forbes, S. C., Blake, C. M., Chong, L. Y., Thiessen, E., Little, J. P., & Rutjes, A. W. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011705 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Di Nisio, M., Karim, S., Chong, L.-Y., March, E., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
University of Bern (CH)
University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara; Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences; Via dei Vestini 31 Chieti Scalo Italy 66013
Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Cochrane (GB)
St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne (AU)
Universidad de Antofagasta (CL)
Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre (ES)
ORCID: Rutjes, Anne WS
Karim, Salman
Vernooij, Robin WM
Venue: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-03-13
Volume: 3
Pages: CD012278-CD012278
ISSN: 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
1465-1858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012278.pub2
PMC: PMC6415131
OpenAlex: W3007410866
Cited by: 46
References: 316
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 1.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion)
IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (13/89/22)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: computerized cognitive training, cognitive function maintenance, midlife, dementia prevention, brain reserve, cognitive stimulation, cognitive training games, virtual reality, cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive aging
MeSH terms: Healthy Aging, Aged, Cognition, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Dementia, Humans, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction, Memory, Episodic

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Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife

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