Extraversion and interpersonal support as risk, resource, and protective factors in the prediction of unipolar mood and anxiety disorders.
Open accessAbstract
Whereas there is extensive research on factors that contribute to vulnerability for depression and anxiety, research on how to promote mental health or offset risk effects in individuals likely to develop these disorders is lacking. Resilience models focus on risk, resource, and protective factors and their relationships. The current longitudinal study evaluated whether extraversion and interpersonal support functioned in resource or protective roles in relation to unipolar mood disorder (UMD), anxiety disorder (AD), and comorbid diagnoses. Data from 534 adolescents over a 3-year period were examined in a series of survival analyses to predict future disorder onset. The linear effect of extraversion significantly interacted with neuroticism predicting UMD diagnoses with extraversion conferring protection and introversion conferring risk at high levels of neuroticism. The quadratic effect of extraversion significantly interacted with neuroticism predicting AD and comorbid diagnoses such that extraversion escalated risk for diagnoses at high levels of neuroticism. The quadratic effect of extraversion was significant in comorbidity models, demonstrating increased risk as one progresses from slight extraversion to extreme introversion, independent of neuroticism. Interpersonal support significantly predicted UMD, AD, and comorbid diagnoses in an approximately linear fashion. Specificity tests indicated that these effects remained when including the other diagnosis in each model. Findings suggest the value of attending to extraverted traits and encouraging social connection regardless of risk status in prevention and treatment approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Supportive interpersonal environments may act as a protective factor for anxiety.
“Supportive interpersonal environments may act as a protective factor for anxiety.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [217]
Social support is associated with reduced risk for anxiety disorders prospectively and can mitigate the development of PTSD following exposure to trauma.
“Social support is also associated with reduced risk for anxiety disorders prospectively 214,217 and can mitigate the development of PTSD following exposure to trauma.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [217]
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- Authors
- Metts, A., Zinbarg, R., Hammen, C., Mineka, S., & Craske, M. G.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-59
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC13390609
- OpenAlex
- W3104803448
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH65651, R01 MH65652)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- extraversion, neuroticism, interpersonal support, unipolar mood disorders, anxiety disorders, comorbidities, depression, resilience, risk factors, protective factors, adolescents, mental health promotion
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Chicago, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Social Support, Los Angeles, Cohort Studies, Mood Disorders, Protective Factors
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