The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Structural stigma: Research evidence and implications for psychological science.
Open accessAbstract
Psychological research has provided essential insights into how stigma operates to disadvantage those who are targeted by it. At the same time, stigma research has been criticized for being too focused on the perceptions of stigmatized individuals and on microlevel interactions, rather than attending to structural forms of stigma. This article describes the relatively new field of research on structural stigma, which is defined as societal-level conditions, cultural norms, and institutional policies that constrain the opportunities, resources, and well-being of the stigmatized. I review emerging evidence that structural stigma related to mental illness and sexual orientation (a) exerts direct and synergistic effects on stigma processes that have long been the focus of psychological inquiry (e.g., concealment, rejection sensitivity), (b) serves as a contextual moderator of the efficacy of psychological interventions, and (c) contributes to numerous adverse health outcomes for members of stigmatized groups-ranging from dysregulated physiological stress responses to premature mortality-indicating that structural stigma represents an underrecognized mechanism producing health inequalities. Each of these pieces of evidence suggests that structural stigma is relevant to psychology and therefore deserves the attention of psychological scientists interested in understanding and ultimately reducing the negative effects of stigma. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“This need for task-sharing interventions to be more responsive to and resistant against macro-level factors is echoed by emerging research that has highlighted the role that structural forces play in not only impeding implementation in their own right but also perpetuating and reinforcing other barriers (e.g., stigma, deprioritization of mental health care) [97–99].”
From Barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-based task-sharing mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review using implementation science frameworks (2022) · cites this paper as [99]
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1 retracted
RETRACTED: Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bellatorre, A. C., Lee, Y., Finch, B. K., Muennig, P. A., & Fiscella, K. A. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005 · Cited by 340
Self-citationRetractedMeyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
The Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
(1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,773
Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529 · Cited by 1,680
Link, B. G. (1987) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095395 · Cited by 1,588
Measuring Mental Illness Stigma
Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098 · Cited by 1,474
The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model
Pachankis, J. E. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328 · Cited by 1,305
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hatzenbuehler ML Major B Dovidio JF Link BG Structural stigma and health. The Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination and Health Oxford University Press Oxford in press
Cited by
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Minority stress theory: Application, critique, and continued relevance
Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101579 · Cited by 957
Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review.
Pachankis, J. E., Mahon, C. P., Jackson, S. D., Fetzner, B. K., & Bränström, R. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000271 · Cited by 433
Muncan, B., Walters, S. M., Ezell, J. M., & Ompad, D. C. (2020) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00399-8 · Cited by 406
Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma: the state of the art
Gronholm, P. C., Henderson, C., Deb, T., & Thornicroft, G. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1341-9 · Cited by 401
Philbin, M. M., Flake, M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hirsch, J. S. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.007 · Cited by 369
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 742-751
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- PMC
- PMC5172391
- OpenAlex
- W2561252048
- Cited by
- 839
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 33.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K01DA032558)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- structural stigma, mental health stigma, sexual orientation stigma, concealment, rejection sensitivity, psychological intervention, health disparities, physiological stress response, premature mortality, institutional policy, cultural norms
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Psychology, Sexual Behavior, Stereotyping, Stress, Psychological, Social Stigma
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