Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Public stigma and discrimination have pernicious effects on the lives of people with serious mental illnesses. Given a plethora of research on changing the stigma of mental illness, this article reports on a meta-analysis that examined the effects of antistigma approaches that included protest or social activism, education of the public, and contact with persons with mental illness. METHODS: The investigators heeded published guidelines for systematic literature reviews in health care. This comprehensive and systematic review included articles in languages other than English, dissertations, and population studies. The search included all articles from the inception of the databases until October 2010. Search terms fell into three categories: stigma, mental illness (such as schizophrenia and depression), and change program (including contact and education). The search yielded 72 articles and reports meeting the inclusion criteria of relevance to changing public stigma and sufficient data and statistics to complete analyses. Studies represented 38,364 research participants from 14 countries. Effect sizes were computed for all studies and for each treatment condition within studies. Comparisons between effect sizes were conducted with a weighted one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Overall, both education and contact had positive effects on reducing stigma for adults and adolescents with a mental illness. However, contact was better than education at reducing stigma for adults. For adolescents, the opposite pattern was found: education was more effective. Overall, face-to-face contact was more effective than contact by video. CONCLUSIONS: Future research is needed to identify moderators of the effects of both education and contact.
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Self-stigma and public stigma about mental illness are pervasive in Nigeria.
“Self-stigma (internalized mental illness stigma leading to diminished self-esteem and self-efficacy) and public stigma (the prejudice and discrimination endorsed by the general population that affects a person) about mental illness are pervasive [21, 22].”
Education and awareness are key strategies to tackle stigma.
“These findings are perhaps unsurprising as education and awareness are one of the key strategies to tackle stigma. 18 , 36”
From Awareness, attitudes, and beliefs of dementia in Indonesia. (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
Recent studies have identified several putative treatment selection brain biotypes with potential utility for choosing between psychotherapy and medication and for stimulation-based treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation.
“Recent studies implementing this general approach have identified several putative treatment selection brain biotypes with potential utility for choosing between psychotherapy and medication and for stimulation-based treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation. 333,336”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [336]
Among children and adolescents, education yielded a larger effect than contact.
“In contrast, among children and adolescents, education yielded a larger effect than contact.”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [168]
For education, meta-analysis effect sizes were d=0.3 for attitudes, d=0.14 for affect, and d=0.25 for behavioural intentions.
“For education, the meta-analysis effect sizes were d=0•3 for attitudes, d=0•14 for affect, and d=0•25 for behavioural intentions.”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [168]
Effect sizes were significantly greater after in-person contact than after video contact.
“In this review, effect sizes were significantly greater after in-person contact than after video contact.”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [168]
Contact and education both improved attitudes and behavioural intentions towards stigma, but contact resulted in significantly greater positive changes among adults.
“Contact and education both improved attitudes and behavioural intentions towards stigma, but contact resulted in significantly greater positive changes among adults.”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [168]
For social contact, effect sizes were d=0.4 for attitudes, d=-0.06 (nonsignificant) for affect, and d=0.19 for behavioural intentions.
“For social contact, the respective effect sizes were d=0•4, d=-0•06 (nonsignificant), and d=0•19, respectively.”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [168]
The findings of this study are better (larger effect) compared with a previous meta-analysis [39] that reported only a small effect of contact and educative interventions.
“Its findings are better compared with a previous meta-analysis [39], which reported only a small effect of contact interventions for people with mental illness, and for the educative intervention, both classical and common-type interventions.”
From Innovative Technology–Based Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward People With Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
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Challenging the Stigma of Mental Illness Among College Students
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- Authors
- Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N.
- Affiliations
- Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 963-973
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2105795344
- Cited by
- 1,680
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- public stigma, mental health stigma, social contact, public education, face-to-face contact, adolescents, adults, schizophrenia, depression, stigma reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Education, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Social Change, Stereotyping, Mentally Ill Persons, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders, Young Adult, Social Stigma, Social Discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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