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Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment
Open accessAbstract
Twenty years ago, meta-analytic results (k = 19) confirmed the association between caregiver attachment representations and child-caregiver attachment (Van IJzendoorn, 1995). A test of caregiver sensitivity as the mechanism behind this intergenerational transmission showed an intriguing "transmission gap." Since then, the intergenerational transmission of attachment and the transmission gap have been studied extensively, and now extend to diverse populations from all over the globe. Two decades later, the current review revisited the effect sizes of intergenerational transmission, the heterogeneity of the transmission effects, and the size of the transmission gap. Analyses were carried out with a total of 95 samples (total N = 4,819). All analyses confirmed intergenerational transmission of attachment, with larger effect sizes for secure-autonomous transmission (r = .31) than for unresolved transmission (r = .21), albeit with significantly smaller effect sizes than 2 decades earlier (r = .47 and r = .31, respectively). Effect sizes were moderated by risk status of the sample, biological relatedness of child-caregiver dyads, and age of the children. Multivariate moderator analyses showed that unpublished and more recent studies had smaller effect sizes than published and older studies. Path analyses showed that the transmission could not be fully explained by caregiver sensitivity, with more recent studies narrowing but not bridging the "transmission gap." Implications for attachment theory as well as future directions for research are discussed.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 337-366
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2305732132
- Cited by
- 550
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 14
- FWCI
- 70.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-03-29)
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- intergenerational transmission of attachment, transmission gap, caregiver sensitivity, unresolved attachment, effect size, publication bias, biological relatedness, attachment theory
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Rearing, Humans, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Intergenerational Relations
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