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Groups 4 Health reduces loneliness and social anxiety in adults with psychological distress: Findings from a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Loneliness is a key public health issue for which various interventions have been trialed. However, few directly target the core feature of loneliness-lack of belonging. This is the focus of Groups 4 Health (G4H), a recently developed intervention that targets the development and maintenance of social group memberships to support health. METHOD: To investigate the efficacy of this intervention, a randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants (N = 120) assigned to G4H or treatment-as-usual (TAU) by computer software. Assessment of primary (loneliness) and secondary (depression, social anxiety, general practitioner visits, multiple group membership) outcomes was conducted at baseline and 2-month follow-up using mixed-model repeated-measures analyses. RESULTS: G4H produced a greater reduction in loneliness (d = -1.04) and social anxiety (d = -0.46) than TAU (d = -0.33 and d = 0.03, respectively). G4H was also associated with fewer general practitioner visits at follow-up (d = -0.33) and a stronger sense of belonging to multiple groups (d = 0.52) relative to TAU (d = 0.30 and d = 0.33, respectively). Depression declined significantly in both G4H (d = -0.63) and TAU (d = -0.34), but follow-up analyses showed this was greater in G4H among those not receiving adjunct psychopharmacological treatment and whose symptoms were milder. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that G4H can be a useful way to treat loneliness and highlight the importance of attending to group memberships when tackling this important social challenge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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“Again, G4H led to significant improvements in loneliness (d = -1.04),multiple group memberships (d = 0.52), depression (d = -0.63),and social anxiety (d = -0.46),while also reducing primary care utilization relative to the control condition (d = -0.33).”
From Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health (2022) · cites this paper as Haslam et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Again, G4H led to significant improvements in loneliness (d = -1.04),multiple group memberships (d = 0.52), depression (d = -0.63),and social anxiety (d = -0.46),while also reducing primary care utilization relative to the control condition (d = -0.33).”
From Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health (2022) · cites this paper as Haslam et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Again, G4H led to significant improvements in loneliness (d = -1.04),multiple group memberships (d = 0.52), depression (d = -0.63),and social anxiety (d = -0.46),while also reducing primary care utilization relative to the control condition (d = -0.33).”
From Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health (2022) · cites this paper as Haslam et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Again, G4H led to significant improvements in loneliness (d = -1.04),multiple group memberships (d = 0.52), depression (d = -0.63),and social anxiety (d = -0.46),while also reducing primary care utilization relative to the control condition (d = -0.33).”
From Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health (2022) · cites this paper as Haslam et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Again, G4H led to significant improvements in loneliness (d = -1.04),multiple group memberships (d = 0.52), depression (d = -0.63),and social anxiety (d = -0.46),while also reducing primary care utilization relative to the control condition (d = -0.33).”
From Acceptability and Feasibility of an Intervention to Enhance Social Group Belonging: Evidence From Three Trials of Groups 4 Health (2022) · cites this paper as Haslam et al., 2019
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Towards social curative psychedelic treatment
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Self-citationÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE RUMİNASYON VE YALNIZLIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE SOSYAL KAYGININ ARACILIK ROLÜ
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Dugan, A. G., Bellizzi, K. M., Austin, H. L., Namazi, S., & Cavallari, J. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1802482
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Vermue, M., Ellemers, N., Cruwys, T., van Nunspeet, F., & Haslam, C. (2026) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.70093
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Chang, M. X. L., Bentley, S. V., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., & Jetten, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Haslam, Catherine
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 787-801
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2967246001
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 20.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, social anxiety, social group membership, sense of belonging, psychological distress, depression, general practitioner visits, computer-based intervention
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Group Processes, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Social Identification, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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