The development and evaluation of a brief form of the Normative Male Alexithymia Scale (NMAS-BF).

May combine two claims.

In a structural regression model, latent NMAS-BF scores uniquely predicted RE scores when TAS-20 scores were also in the model, supporting concurrent validity.

“Concurrent evidence for validity of the latent factor of the NMAS-BF was assessed in a structural regression model which found that the NMAS-BF uniquely predicted RE scores when TAS-20 scores were included in the model.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The NMAS items were best represented by a one-factor solution, with factor loadings .40 to .85, supporting H1's specified one-factor dimensionality.

“Finally, based on prior research (Levant et al., 2006) and the scree plot,1 the data were analyzed for a one-factor solution, in which the resulting factor loadings ranged from .40 to .85.”

• Also stated in: § EFAs of Responses to the NMAS · plain

  “H1 had specified one-factor dimensionality and thus was supported.”

• cites Levant et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In hierarchical multiple regression, NMAS-BF scores accounted for variance in RE scores beyond that explained by TAS-20 scores, supporting incremental validity.

“Finally, incremental evidence for validity was examined using hierarchical multiple regression, finding that NMAS-BF scores significantly predicted variance in RE scores above and beyond that predicted by TAS-20 scores.”

May combine two claims.

The latent NMAS-BF and TAS-20 constructs were significantly and moderately positively correlated, which supported convergent validity.

“Convergent evidence for validity was supported by a significant, moderate, positive correlation between the latent constructs of the NMAS-BF and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), which measures clinical alexithymia.”

May combine two claims.

NMAS-BF scores significantly predicted variance in RE scores above and beyond alexithymia scores, supporting H5.

“The results are shown in Table 6, where it can be seen that NMAS-BF scores significantly predicted variance in RE scores above and beyond that predicted by alexithymia scores, supporting H5.”

May combine two claims.

The correlation between latent NMA and alexithymia was significant, moderate-to-strong, positive (.57, p < .001), providing convergent validity evidence and supporting H3.

“The correlation between the latent constructs of normative male alexithymia and alexithymia was significant, moderate-to-strong, and positive (.57, p < .001), providing convergent evidence for validity and supporting H3.”

May combine two claims.

The NMAS-BF uniquely predicted RE scores when alexithymia scores were included in the model, supporting H4.

“The results are shown in Table 5, where it can be seen that the NMAS-BF uniquely predicted RE scores when alexithymia scores were included in the model, supporting H4.”

May combine two claims.

The reliability coefficient for the NMAS-BF was .80, representing good reliability.

“The reliability coefficient for the NMAS-BF was .80, which, according to Ponterotto and Ruckdeschel’s (2007) criteria represents good reliability.”

• cites Ponterotto and Ruckdeschel’s (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Missing data was low: 0.2% to 0.6% per item and less than 1% per participant on average, below the 10% cutoff for available item analysis.

“Among the remaining participants, a low level of missing data was observed at the item level (0.2% to 0.6% missing responses per item). The average percentage of missing responses per participant over all items was less than 1%, which is below Parent’s (2013) cutoff of 10% for using available item analysis.”

• cites Parent (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The RE subscale showed significant correlations with a latent NMAS factor, the CMNI-46 Emotional Control factor, and the GRCS-SF RE factor, providing concurrent validity evidence.

“Using structural equation modeling (SEM), RE showed significant correlations with a latent NMAS factor, the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 Emotional Control specific factor, and Gender Role Conflict Scale-SF RE first-order factor, providing concurrent evidence for validity (Levant et al., 2016).”

• cites Levant et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

NMA and clinical alexithymia overlap in difficulty identifying and describing feelings but differ on externally oriented thinking and on the socialized restriction of vulnerable and caring emotions.

“These two constructs overlap in terms of difficulties in identifying and describing feelings, but do not overlap on the more severe aspects of alexithymia (i.e., externally oriented thinking), on the one hand, nor on the socialized process of restricting the expression of vulnerable and caring emotions, on the other hand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TAS-20 has demonstrated convergent validity through negative associations with psychological mindedness, need-for-cognition, affective orientation, and emotional intelligence.

“Convergent validity has been demonstrated by negative associations with closely related constructs such as psychological mindedness, need-for-cognition, affective orientation, and emotional intelligence (see Taylor, 2004, for a summary of research using a broad array of student, community, and clinical samples).”

• cites Taylor, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A meta-analysis of 41 samples found a small mean difference in alexithymia between women and men (Hedges' d = .22), with men higher, and no significant moderation by clinical versus nonclinical population or by alexithymia measure.

“An effect size estimate based on 41 existing samples found consistent, although expectedly small, differences in mean alexithymia between women and men (Hedges’ d = .22). Men exhibited higher levels of alexithymia. There were no significant moderator effects for clinical versus nonclinical populations or alexithymia measure used, although there were relatively few clinical samples and most studies”

• cites Levant, Hall, Williams, & Hasan, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The present study used appropriate selection criteria and attention checks.

“Data obtained from MTurk has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable when appropriate selection criteria and attention checks are used (Casler, Bickel, & Hackett, 2013; Peer, Vosgerau, & Acquisti, 2014), as was the case in this study.”

May combine two claims.

Among men in heterosexual relationships, NMA is inversely associated with relationship satisfaction and communication quality.

“NMA is negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction and communication quality and positively correlated with fear of intimacy in men in heterosexual relationships (Karakis & Levant, 2012).”

• cites Karakis & Levant, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In nonclinical samples, findings on gender differences in alexithymia are mixed: of 32 studies, 17 found men more alexithymic, one found women more alexithymic, and 14 found no difference.

“However, the 32 studies using nonclinical samples presented a different picture: 17 of these studies found males more alexithymic than females, one found females more alexithymic than males, and 14 found no differences between males and females.”

• cites Levant et al. (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TAS-20 is the most widely used measure of alexithymia.

“The TAS-20 (Bagby et al., 1994) is the most widely used measure of alexithymia, a construct referring to a cluster of characteristics including difficulty identifying and describing feelings, and externally oriented thinking.”

• cites Bagby et al., 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TAS-20 total scale had coefficient alphas from .80 to .83 across three samples.

“The scale developers reported total scale coefficient αs from .80 to .83 in the three different samples.”

May combine two claims.

Bartlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant, supporting factorability of the correlation matrix.

“Bartlett’s test of sphericity (Bartlett, 1954) was statistically significant, again further supporting the factorability of the correlation matrix.”

• cites Bartlett, 1954Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The original NMAS is a 20-item unidimensional scale with internal consistency α = .92 and test-retest reliability r = .91 over one to two months.

“Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using separate samples indicated that the NMAS consisted of a single 20-item factor. Men’s scores on the NMAS displayed very good internal consistency (α = .92) and test–retest reliability (r = .91) over a 1–2 month period.”

• cites Levant et al. (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For the validity structural regression, 505 cases exceeded the required 360 participants for 36 parameters.

“The validity analysis using structural regression had 36 parameters, requiring 360 participants. Our N of 505 exceeds this number.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A measure with acceptable fit statistics is needed.

“Hence there is a need for measure with acceptable fit statistics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If the NMAS-BF explains unique and incremental variance in RE when TAS-20 is in the model, this would suggest that the NMAS-BF measures a form of alexithymia more directly tied to men's gender role socialization than the TAS-20.

“If we find that the NMAS-BF explains both unique and incremental variance in RE when the TAS-20 is in the model that would suggest that the NMAS-BF may be tapping a form of alexithymia that is more directly related to men’s gender role socialization than the TAS-20.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Levant et al. (2016) reported an alpha coefficient of .82 for the RE subscale.

“Levant et al. (2016) reported an alpha coefficient of .82.”

• cites Levant et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The scaled chi-square goodness-of-fit test depends on sample size and is overly sensitive to trivial model misfit when samples are large.

“However, because this statistic is dependent on sample size, it is overly sensitive to trivial sources of model misfit when sample sizes are large, as in the current study (Cheung & Rensvold, 2002).”

• cites Cheung & Rensvold, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 20-item NMAS is long for a unidimensional scale and may cause participant fatigue because it is likely to be one of several assessments in batteries on masculine socialization and emotional expression.

“Furthermore, the 20-item NMAS is long for a unidimensional scale, potentially creating participant fatigue as the NMAS is likely to be one of several assessments used in batteries related to masculine socialization and emotional expression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NMA prevents affected men from using the effective stress-management strategy of identifying, contemplating, and discussing emotional reactions to stressors or trauma with others.

“Furthermore, as Levant (2001) theorized, NMA blocks men who suffer from it from utilizing the most effective means known for dealing with life’s stresses and traumas—namely, identifying, thinking about, and discussing one’s emotional responses to a stressor or trauma with a friend, family member, or counselor.”

• cites Levant (2001)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The survey included two validity check items, and 30 participants who failed them were removed and excluded from all analyses.

“The survey contained two validity check items (e.g., “Please check strongly agree;” 30 participants were removed from the data set for failing to correctly respond to the validity check item and are not included in any analyses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Mild-to-moderate alexithymia is more common among men whose boyhood socialization was more strongly shaped by traditional masculinity ideology.

“Levant (1992, 1995, 2001) drew on the GRSP to theorize that mild-to-moderate forms of alexithymia would occur more frequently among men whose socialization as boys was informed to greater degrees by traditional masculinity ideology (TMI).”

• cites Levant (1992, 1995, 2001)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Conformity to the masculine norm of emotional control mediated the positive RE-alexithymia relationship; that relationship was stronger for Latino men and weaker for Asian American men, and the RE-by-race moderation was mediated through emotional control.

“Conformity to the masculine norm of emotional control mediated the positive relationship between RE and alexithymia. In addition, the positive relationship between RE and alexithymia was stronger for Latino men versus men from other racial groups, but weaker for Asian American men versus men from other racial groups.”

• cites Levant, Wong, Karakis, and Welsh (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Not yet classified.

The original NMAS factor structure did not meet contemporary incremental fit standards (TLI = .85, CFI = .87), although its RMSEA of .08 met the ≤.08 criterion.

“However, the incremental fit indices did not support the factor structure of the original NMAS using contemporary standards (i.e., Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = .85, comparative fit index [CFI] = .87). Although root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA; 0.08) met the criterion of ≤.08, Gignac, Palmer, and Stough (2007) pointed out that such absolute fit indices “may erroneously suggest”

• cites Levant et al. (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gignac, Palmer, and Stough (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .93, exceeding the suggested .60, supporting factorability.

“The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .93, which exceeds the suggested value of .60 (Kaiser, 1974).”

• cites Kaiser, 1974Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Race and gender did not moderate the TMI-alexithymia relationship, but the race moderation was strongly affected by gender: TMI was more strongly related to alexithymia for White men than for racial minority men, and for racial minority women than for White women.

“While neither race nor gender moderated the relationship between these two variables, the moderating effect of race on the relationship between TMI and alexithymia was strongly affected by gender: TMI was more strongly related to alexithymia for White men than for racial minority men, whereas TMI was more strongly related to alexithymia for racial minority women than for White women.”

• cites Levant & Wong, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Infit and outfit values under .60 or over 1.40 indicate unexpected response patterns influenced by factors other than the underlying construct.

“Infit and outfit values under .60 or over 1.40 indicate that the patterns of responses were unexpected (i.e., response patterns appear to be influenced by factors other than the construct underlying the measure; Mallinckrodt et al., 2016).”

• cites Mallinckrodt et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Using latent rather than manifest variables to assess validity is important because prior research found that many raw-score correlations became non-significant when latent variables were used.

“The use of latent instead of manifest variables to assess validity is important because prior research has found that many significant correlations calculated from raw scores were not significant when using latent variables (Levant, Alto, McKelvey, Richmond, & McDermott, 2017; Levant et al., 2016).”

• cites Levant, Alto, McKelvey, Richmond, & McDermott, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Levant et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Evidence from developmental psychology supports that boys are socialized to avoid expressing vulnerable and caring emotions while girls are encouraged to be expressive, which is theorized to create gender differences in alexithymia.

“Levant’s (2001) review of relevant developmental psychology research literature on the emotion socialization of boys concluded that the evidence supported the view that boys are socialized to avoid the expression of vulnerable and caring emotions, whereas girls are encouraged to be expressive, which he theorized was likely to produce gender differences in alexithymia.”

• cites Levant’s (2001)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Eight multivariate outliers (1.58% of the sample) were identified by Mahalanobis distance; they were not extreme and were not deleted or modified.

“Likewise, the same scales yielded eight multivariate outliers (1.58% of the sample) as evidenced by Mahalanobis distance procedures. Given the relatively small percentage of outliers and the fact that no outliers were extreme in magnitude, we followed recommendations from Myers, Gamst, and Guarino (2013) and did not delete or modify outlier cases.”

• cites Myers, Gamst, and Guarino (2013)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The sample was composed mostly of White heterosexual men from the United States, limiting generalizability.

“Second, our sample was composed of mostly White heterosexual men from the United States. Explorations of the construct of normative male alexithymia within more diverse samples and contexts may be useful to inform interventions and clinical work with diverse samples of men.”

May combine two claims.

All parcels had significant loadings on their factors; standardized loadings were .81-.82 for NMAS-BF, .70-.85 for TAS-20, and .73-.85 for RE indicators.

“All of the parcels had significant loadings on their respective factors; the standardized loadings ranged from .81 to .82 for the NMAS-BF, and .70 to .85 for the TAS-20. In addition, where manifest indicators were used (i.e., for RE), all indicators had significant loadings on their factor and ranged from .73 to .85.”

May combine two claims.

The results provided evidence for internal consistency reliability and for convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity, supporting use of the NMAS-BF.

“The results also provided evidence for internal consistency reliability, and for convergent, concurrent, and incremental evidence for validity, supporting the use of the NMAS-BF.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain

  “First, there is evidence supporting the unidimensionality and internal constancy reliability; in addition there is convergent, concurrent, and incremental evidence for the validity of the NMAS-BF, although additional research is called for in investigating the test–retest reliability and measurement invariance across groups of men defined by race, age, and sexual orientation.”

May combine two claims.

Model 3 was the preferred model, and H2 was supported.

“Hence Model 3 was the preferred model, and H2 was supported.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “The model based on IRT was superior to models based on CTT and CTT optimized to reduce redundancy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study did not collect data on participants' socioeconomic status and educational attainment.

“Third, we did not collect data on participants’ socioeconomic status and educational attainment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The self-report nature of the surveys introduces the possibility of socially desirable responding, which was not measured in this study.

“First, the self-report nature of the surveys introduces the possibility of socially desirable responding (SDR). SDR was not measured in our study; however, a recent article demonstrated that SDR is not always a problem (Tracey, 2016).”

• cites Tracey, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The study has not demonstrated that differences in alexithymia or NMA are due to socialization, and thus a central element of GRSP theory has not been tested.

“we have not demonstrated that these differences are due to socialization, and thus we have not yet tested a central element of the GRSP theory. We thus do not know for certain whether NMA (as measured by the NMAS-BF) is related to masculine socialization.”

May combine two claims.

The items selected through IRT encompass a wider range of aspects of NMA than those selected via CTT, making the NMAS-BF more useful as a brief assessment.

“The items selected through IRT encompass a wider range of aspects of normative male alexithymia compared with those selected via CCT, making the NMAS-BF more useful as a brief assessment.”