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Cited by 26Cognitive Abilities and TestingDiverse Music Education InsightsNeuroscience and Music Perception

Musical instrument engagement in adolescence predicts verbal ability 4 years later: A twin and adoption study

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Gustavson, Daniel E., Friedman, Naomi P., Stallings, Michael C., Reynolds, Chandra A., Coon, Hilary, Corley, Robin P., Hewitt, John K., Gordon, Reyna L.·2021·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/dev0001245PMC PMC8842509
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Abstract

Individual differences in music traits are heritable and correlated with the development of cognitive and communication skills, but little is known about whether diverse modes of music engagement (e.g., playing instruments vs. singing) reflect similar underlying genetic/environmental influences. Moreover, the biological etiology underlying the relationship between musicality and childhood language development is poorly understood. Here we explored genetic and environmental associations between music engagement and verbal ability in the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife) project. N=1684 adolescents completed measures of music engagement and intelligence at approximately age 12 and/or multiple tests of verbal ability at age 16. Structural equation models revealed that instrument engagement was highly heritable (a2=.78), with moderate heritabilities for singing (a2=.43) and dance engagement (a2=.66). Adolescent self-reported instrument engagement (but not singing or dance engagement) was genetically correlated with age 12 verbal intelligence, and still was associated with age 16 verbal ability even when controlling for age 12 full-scale intelligence, providing evidence for a longitudinal relationship between music engagement and language beyond shared general cognitive processes. Together, these novel findings suggest that shared genetic influences in part accounts for phenotypic associations between music engagement and language, but there may also be some (weak) direct benefits of music engagement on later language abilities.

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  • Instrument engagement was associated with later verbal ability (at 16 years old) even when controlling for 12-year full-scale intelligence or 12-year verbal intelligence, providing evidence for small direct benefits of musical training on later language abilities.

    “However, instrument engagement was associated with later verbal ability (at 16 years old) even when controlling for 12-year full-scale intelligence or 12-year verbal intelligence, providing evidence for small direct benefits of musical training on later language abilities.”

    From Please don't stop the music: A meta-analysis of the cognitive and academic benefits of instrumental musical training in childhood and adolescence (2022) · cites this paper as Gustavson et al., 2021

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  • Instrument engagement was highly heritable and genetically correlated with verbal abilities at 12 and 16 years of age, suggesting that a common set of genetic influences predisposes individuals towards both music engagement and high verbal intelligence (i.e., selection bias).

    “Instrument engagement was highly heritable and genetically correlated with verbal abilities at 12 and 16 years of age, suggesting that a common set of genetic influences predisposes individuals towards both music engagement and high verbal intelligence (i.e., selection bias).”

    From Please don't stop the music: A meta-analysis of the cognitive and academic benefits of instrumental musical training in childhood and adolescence (2022) · cites this paper as Gustavson et al., 2021

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Authors
Gustavson, D. E., Friedman, N. P., Stallings, M. C., Reynolds, C. A., Coon, H., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Gordon, R. L.
Affiliations
  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • University of California, Riverside (US)
  • University of Utah (US)
ORCID
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2021-11
Volume
57
Issue
11
Pages
1943-1957
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/dev0001245
PMC
PMC8842509
OpenAlex
W4200614856
Cited by
26
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
FWCI
3.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (R01AG046938; R03AG065643; R01DC016977; DP2HD098859; K18DC017383; R01MH063207; R01DA046064; U01DA046413; R01DA042742.)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Keywords
music engagement, verbal ability, verbal intelligence, heritability, genetic correlation, singing, dance, adolescence, language development, shared genetic influences
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Humans, Intelligence, Music, Twins

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