Cited by 3,085Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology of Social InfluenceCardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Darley, John M., Latane, Bibb·1968·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/h0025589

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Social Learning and Imitation
Miller, N. E., & Dollar, D. (1944) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-194402000-00051 · Cited by 1,536
Child Training and Personality
Whiting, J. W. M., & Child, I. L. (1953) · Revista Mexicana de Sociología · doi:10.2307/3537788 · Cited by 643
3. Thirty-Eight Witnesses
Gallo, M. M. (2018) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9780801455902-005 · Cited by 110
Liking and Response to Dependency Relationships
Daniels, L. R., & Berkowitz, L. J. (1963) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872676301600203 · Cited by 86
The origin of self-criticism.
Aronfreed, J. (1964) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0047689 · Cited by 60
Child Training and Personality
Stevenson, H. W., Whiting, J. W. M., & Child, I. L. (1954) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418513 · Cited by 59
Effects of Experimenter Awareness and Sex of Subject and Experimenter on Reactions to Dependency Relationship
Berkowitz, L. J., Klanderman, S. B., & Harris, R. (1964) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2785622 · Cited by 57

Show all 7 references

Sorted by citations

Items 2,401–2,500 of 3,085

Examining the forces, causes, and elements of practical drift: A case study
Adams, R. H., Jr. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Priming Prosocial Behavior to Augment Bystander Interventions in Bullying Situations
Cioppa, V. D. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
The Academy of Management
Cain, D. M., Dana, J. D., & Newman, G. E. (2014)
Frivillighet : motivasjon og engasjement : en kvalitativ undersøkelse av besøksvenner i Røde Kors
Kvaal, J. N. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Does group discussion contribute reliability of complex judgments?
Cohen, P. R. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065729
Now that we know how low the reliability is, what shall we do?
Salzinger, K. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065961
Is there an alternative to peer review?
Greene, R. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065845
Replication, reliability and peer review: A case study
Gorman, M. E. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065833
Different rates of agreement on acceptance and rejection: A statistical artifact?
Demorest, M. E. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0006578x
Schicksale jugendlicher Omnipotenz - Autonomie - Kulturerneuerung
Novotny, E. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Individualpsychologie · doi:10.13109/zind.2013.38.3.243
Group Influences on the Helpfulness of Accident Witnesses
Korte, C. (1970) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053070
10Ethically: What Helps
April, K. A., Peters, K., Locke, K., et al. (2010)
Incentive Based AssurancePreprint
Bolivar, A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2466649
Crossroads
Greenwood, J. D. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511512162.010
Self-Recording as a Method of Increasing Altruistic Behavior
Webb, R. J. (1979) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago)
A Contextual Examination of St. Anselm's Ontological Argument
Hammill, A. C. (2008) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University)
Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory
Manji, R. (2011)
Understanding Recycling Behavior for Improvement in Sustainable Alternatives and Greater Policy Initiatives
O'Neill, M. M. (2016) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Calling Campus Police: A Test of Procedural Justice and Unresponsive Bystander Models
Aiello, M. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Altruism and Self-Interest from an Economic Analysis of Law Perspective: The Economic Analysis of Rescue LawsPreprint
Harnay, S., & Marciano, A. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1138326
Teaching Bystander Skills Through Fluency Training
Hagloch, E. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/9f28-dd51
Eyewitness confide nce: social influe nce and belief perseverance
Lüüs, C. A. E. (1991) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)
Mixsourcing: Exploring Bounded Creativity as a Form of Crowdsourcing
Hallacher, S., Rodenhouse, J., & Monroy‐Hernández, A. (2013)
Role of Project Owner in OSS Project: Based on Impression Formation and Social Capital Theory
Lee, S., Baek, H., & Jahng, J. (2016) · Han-guk jeonja georae hakoeji · doi:10.7838/jsebs.2016.21.2.023
“또한 명시적 리더가 전문가로 인지될 경우 책임의 분산[22] 이 발생하여 외부 개발자들의 참여가 부진하 게 되어 결과적으로 성과에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다.”
Subverting Racial Stereotypes by Affirming Nuclear Family Stereotypes
Allison, S. T., & Beggan, J. K. (2016)
POR QUÉ LOS PARES QUE PRESENCIAN EL MALTRATO NO INTERVIENEN
de Investigación, I. (2012)
Negative Moods, Group Effects, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0006
Simulation in Low‐Level Mindreading
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0006
Dispositions, Character Traits, and Virtues
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Alienation and Communism
Miller, D. (1990) · doi:10.1093/0198278640.003.0009
Responsibility for Character
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0012
Elevation, Activated Moral Norms, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0004
A Contextual Examination of St. Anselm's
Hammill, A. C. (2008)
The Socialist State
Miller, D. (1990) · doi:10.1093/0198278640.003.0013
Ontogeny, Autism, Empathy, and Evolution
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0008
Concepts of Mental States
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0010
Right Action and ‘The Virtuous Person’
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0004
Generalizing the Account
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0008
Victim Response to Hurtful Teasing Episodes: Perceptual and Behavioral Responses of Middle School Boys
Mockus, E. (2014) · doi:10.30707/etd2014.mockus.e
Crowds, Publics, and Experimental Social Psychology
Greenwood, J. D. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511512162.009
Aggression and Harming Others
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0009
Magnificence, Generosity, and Subordination
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0007
Empathy and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0005
Situations and Broad‐Based Dispositions
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0008
Politics as Dialogue
Miller, D. (1990) · doi:10.1093/0198278640.003.0011
Right Action for Virtue Ethics
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0002
Auswahl weiterführender Quellen und Hinweise zur Literatur
Hinweise, A. (2013)
Individuating the Virtues
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0006
The Child‐Scientist Theory
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0004
Embarrassment, Positive Moods, and Helping
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0003
Mixed Helping Traits
Miller, C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.003.0007
The Rationality Theory
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0003
Jeffrey Forest Geesey
Gannon, K., & Gilbertson, D. L. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16659-18
Phronesis and the Unity of the Virtues
Russell, D. C. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0011
Addressing the Human Dynamics of Occupational Safety and Health
Geller, E. S. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420032932.ch12
The Modularity Theory
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0005
Het toepassen van theorieën: een stappenplan
Buunk, A. P., & Dijkstra, P. (2014) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0409-7_1
The Fabric of Social Life
Goldman, A. I. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138929.003.0011
With a Little Help from the Law
Illingworth, P. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230355095_6
Social Psychology and Instructional Technology
Bartsch, R. A. (2008) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-865-9.ch066
Metzler Lexikon moderner Mythen
Leggewie, C., Speitkamp, W., Müller, M., Schulz, C. B., Stoffel, P., Jobs, S., Unzeitig, M., Hörner, F., Baur, P., Schetsche, M. T., et al. (2014) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05392-3_1
Three Puzzles about Evil
Sias, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56822-9_5
Distinguishing and connecting self and others
Cui, F. (2013)
LiveSafe: Increasing Bystander Intervention at Eastern Kentucky University
Scott, K. (2016)
Does Stickiness Matter? A Longitudinal Examination of the Stability of Adolescent Peer Groups
Dulisse, B. C. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Can we be primed against moral hypocrisy
Fergey, L. (2012) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)
Active Consumerism: Measuring the Importance of Crowdfunding Factors on Backers' Decisions to Financially Support Kickstarter Campaigns
Duvall, K. M. (2014) · doi:10.33915/etd.293 · Cited by 1
“Kuppuswamy and Bayus (2013) examined crowdfunding contributions through the social psychology theory of the bystander effect (Darley and Latane, 1968).”
Background
Recruitment Decision Making among International Schools Teachers
Kellett, S. (2015) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/27566
“This change of behaviour to fit in with a group has been demonstrated even more dramatically in the experiments conducted by Darley and Latane (1968) that had a testing room filling with smoke while participants answered a questionnaire.”
Result
Nurses' intentions to initiate an antipsychotic or behavioral intervention with nursing home residents : the role of norms, being evaluated, self-efficacy, time pressures, and staffing.
Ludwin, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.18297/etd/2528
“In the original studies, participants faced a potentially dangerous situation in which the underlying injunctive norm was that the participant should seek or provide help (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968).”
Background
FOR PRODUCT REVIEW CONTRIBUTION IN A CONNECTED COMMUNITY
Sun, Y., Dong, X., & Du, J. (2013)
School Climate and Bullying: A Case Study of a Youth Conflict Resolution Module
Smith, A. C. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-2888
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BUDGETING: PLANNING FALLACIES, FAILURES AND FLAWS EXPLAINED BY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Steinkellner, P. (2011)
WHO HELPS IN A CRISIS: DIFFERENTIATING AMONG ADULT CHIDLREN AS SOURCES OF SUPPORT AND STRESS FOR THEIR CAREGIVING MOTHERS
Thesis, A. (2003)
Applying a Model of Bystander Apathy: Increasing Intervention in Child Emotional Abuse
Still, J. (2016)
The Relationship Between Helping Behavior and Verbal Immediacy
Edwards, A. P. (1999) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
EVALUATING A BYSTANDER INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON REPRODUCTIVE COERCION
Starnes, C. P. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.507
The Others as Social Context: On the Importance of Strategic Interaction
Diekmann, A. (2016) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0396
The Effects of Organizational Commitment, Organizational Fairness, and Information Systems Richness on Willingness to Help Others through Information Systems
Dong, L. G. (2016) · Journal of Distribution and Management Research · doi:10.17961/jdmr.19.6.201612.33
Beyond altruism: trust, fairness and social inclusion in deceased organ donor registration
Tinning, E. E. (2016) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
The Bystander Effect: Psychological Consequences for the Victims with focus on the Basic Psychological Needs
Manthey, H. (2017)
Reporting accuracy of school officials and employees
Finch, W. J. (2013) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
INTERACCIONES ALTRUISTAS TOTALES COMO FUNCIÓN DE LA INDUCCIÓN DE RECIPROCIDAD TOTAL ALTRUISTIC INTERACTIONS AS A FUNCTION OF RECIPROCITY INDUCTION
Ávalos, L. P., Iñesta, E. R., & Serna, L. (2015)
Des Kaisers neue Kleider von Hans Christian Andersen (1837)
Feuerbacher, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53668-1_3
Newly Licensed Teenaged Drivers: A Field Study Evaluation of Eye Glance Patterns on Straight Road Segments
Ramsey, D. J. (2009) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Egoism vs. Altruism: Does Intermediation Reduce Altruism?Preprint
Chen, D. L. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2928173
Schneewittchen von den Gebrüdern Grimm (1857)
Krug, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53668-1_9
Captaining the Ship: Acting as the Treatment Team Leader
Hall, J., Fell, B., Coates, S., Sellers, N., Anderson, R. D., Thorn, J., Davis, D., & Downs, S. (2017) · Focused issues in family therapy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51747-6_10
Affective forecasting ability : individual differences in emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviour
Burke, M. (2016) · eSource (Dublin Business School)
Bystander Reactions and Social Support of Sexual Assault Victims
Eik, M. (2017) · Digital Commons - LIU Promoting Scholarship and Creative Work of LIU Students, Faculty, and Staff (Long Island University)
Derecho Y Annlisis Del Comportamiento (Law & Behavioral Analysis)Preprint
Acciarri, H. A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2949035
Three Studies of Variation in Medical Decision-Making and Care Delivery by Physicians.
Wilk, A. S. (2015) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
The Effect of a Class-wide Training on Prosocial Bystander Behaviors
Barnes, C. D. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/8227-2d46
Mere exposure and pro-social behavior: Can repetition facilitate helping?
Jones, I. F., & Claypool, H. M. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e683152011-553
The Influence of Bystanders on Fraudulent Behavior in Pro-Social and Pro-Self Situations
Tisanovic, M. (2017)
Zuwendung und Verfehlung des Ich
Beer, U., & Güth, M. R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-13554-6_3
Errors in Moral Forecasting: The Importance of Affect for the Relationship Between Moral Behaviours and Moral Forecasts
Teper, R. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Examination of Empathy and Multiple Intelligences Among Youth Involved in Bullying
Schwartz, H. (2017) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
The Effects of Video Games and Religious Reminders on Prosociality
Cross, H. K. (2017) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University)
The Social Context of Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior: A Mid-Range Theory and Test of a Model.
Settoon, R. P. (1996) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6372
Establishing AEGIS and Writing Sans Everything: ‘The Case’ and ‘Some Answers’
Hilton, C. (2017) · Mental health in historical perspective · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54813-5_4
“Many staff appreciated these visits and the opportunity they provided to pass on information and ideas from one hospital to another and the way they could focus interest on needs long recognised by hospital staff but ignored by HMCs and RHBs (DHSS 1971, p. 1). In the course of the Royal Commission (1957) on mental ill…”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1968
Volume: 8
Issue: 4, Pt.1
Pages: 377-383
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/h0025589
OpenAlex: W2171602877
Semantic Scholar: a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
Cited by: 3,083
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 113.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
MeSH terms: Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks