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Serial order effects in short-term memory
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“people have working memory constraints in that they can only remember a small number of items”
From Ten simple rules for structuring papers (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“are better at remembering the beginning and the end of a list than the middle [5]”
From Ten simple rules for structuring papers (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
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The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language
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Oscillator-based memory for serial order.
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“Specifically, a large advantage is evident for late list items when probed serial recall is used, with near 100% correct performance on the final item and an advantage for the last three or four list items (Murdock, 1968).”
BackgroundShort-Term Memory for Serial Order: The Start-End Model
Henson, R. N. (1998) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0685 · Cited by 678
Lewandowsky, S., & Murdock, B. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.1.25 · Cited by 486
Benchmarks for models of short-term and working memory.
Oberauer, K., Lewandowsky, S., Awh, E., Brown, G. D. A., Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Donkin, C., Farrell, S., Hitch, G. J., Hurlstone, M. J., et al. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000153 · Cited by 477
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Articulation and acoustic confusability in short-term memory.
Murray, D. J. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026641 · Cited by 403
An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196257 · Cited by 367
“In these experiments (e.g., Murdock, 1968 ), people can clearly recall a specified item without overtly retrieving the entire list up to that position.Moreover, when response availability is experimentally controlled, people are equally adept at recalling the item that preceded a cue on the list and recalling the item…”
BackgroundGamification and the impact of extrinsic motivation on needs satisfaction: Making work fun?
Mitchell, R., Schuster, L., & Jin, H. S. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.022 · Cited by 367
TODAM2: A model for the storage and retrieval of item, associative, and serial-order information.
Murdock, B. B. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.183 · Cited by 277
Temporal clustering and sequencing in short-term memory and episodic memory.
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A distributed memory model for serial-order information.
Murdock, B. B. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.316 · Cited by 199
The Relations of Short-Term Memory to Development and Intelligence
Belmont, J. M., & Butterfield, E. C. (1969) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60426-7 · Cited by 178
Auditory distraction: A duplex-mechanism account
Hughes, R. W. (2014) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.44 · Cited by 184
Item and order information in short-term serial memory.
Murdock, B. B. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.105.2.191 · Cited by 159
Dissociable networks involved in spatial and temporal order source retrieval
Ekstrom, A. D., Copara, M. S., Isham, E. A., Wang, W.-C., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.033 · Cited by 135
“…over time while the spatial layout remained the same every trial, it seems most parsimonious to assume subjects remembered the order of deliveries as they might a serial ordered list (Murdock, 1968, 1974) and the spatial layout as a coherent entity with distinct spatial metrics (Gallistel, 1990).”
Serial recall and the modality effect: Effects of word frequency.
Watkins, O. C., & Watkins, M. J. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.3.6.712 · Cited by 136
Watkins, M. J. (1977) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197396 · Cited by 128
Modality effects in short-term storage
Craik, F. I. M. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80119-2 · Cited by 125
Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory
Kahana, M. J., Howard, M. W., & Polyn, S. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00185-6 · Cited by 131
“An alternative approach to measuring serial order memory is to present subjects with a single item from a previously studied list and ask them to recall the item that preceded or followed the probe item (Murdock, 1968; Woodward & Murdock, 1968).”
BackgroundThe Role of Consumer Involvement in Determining Cognitive Response to Broadcast Advertising
Buchholz, L. M., & Smith, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1991.10673202 · Cited by 118
Developing TODAM: Three models for serial-order information
Murdock, B. B. (1995) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197264 · Cited by 114
“The probability ofan intrusion from any given serial position decreases as its distance from the target serial position increases (see Lee & Estes, 1977, or Nairne, 1990, for serial-recall data, and see Murdock, 1968, for probe-recall data).”
BackgroundResultMaintenance of semantic information in capacity-limited item short-term memory
Haarmann, H. J., & Usher, M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196193 · Cited by 111
“Although some features in our cued-recall experiments are similar to results reported in order cued recall (Avons et al., 1994; Murdock, 1968), other features differ.”
ResultEffects of output order on immediate, delayed, and final recall performance.
Dalezman, J. J. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.2.5.597 · Cited by 101
Associative asymmetry in probed recall of serial lists
Kahana, M. J., & Caplan, J. B. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195770 · Cited by 88
“By using the probe technique, one can directly assess participants’ability to recall items, givendifferent cue types (e.g., Murdock, 1968;Posnansky,1972;Woodward, 1970; Woodward & Murdock, 1968).”
MethodTen simple rules for structuring papers
Mensh, B., & Kording, K. (2017) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005619 · Cited by 98
“For example, people have working memory constraints in that they can only remember a small number of items and are better at remembering the beginning and the end of a list than the middle [5].”
BackgroundMurdock, B. B. (1972) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60440-5 · Cited by 77
Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problem solving
Dillbeck, M. C. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197631 · Cited by 72
Effects of Visual Similarity on Serial Report and Item Recognition
Avons, S. E., & Mason, A. H. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249899391296 · Cited by 66
Whom to help? Immediacy bias in judgments and decisions about humanitarian aid
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Olfactory Memory: the Long and Short of It
White, T. L. (1998) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/23.4.433 · Cited by 56
“Although the shape of the olfactory serial position curve is somewhat different from the shape which is observed in free recall paradigms with verbal stimuli (Glanzer, 1972), it is in agreement with results obtained through verbal recognition paradigms (Murdock, 1968; Donaldson and Glathe, 1969; Donaldson, 1971).”
ResultAbsence of a Cross-Modal “Suffix Effect” in Short-Term Memory
Morton, J., & Holloway, C. M. (1970) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335557043000096 · Cited by 55
Assessing the effect of lexical variables in backward recall.
Guérard, K., & Saint‐Aubin, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0025481 · Cited by 50
Inverting the modality effect in serial recall
Beaman, C. P. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980143000307 · Cited by 48
“In order to investigate audiovisual differences that might be apparent after controlling for the auditory advantage at recency, it was therefore decided to utilize a procedure pioneered by Murdock (1968) and Morton (1970).”
MethodDistraction in verbal short-term memory: Insights from developmental differences
Elliott, E. M., Hughes, R. W., Briganti, A. M., Joseph, T. N., Marsh, J. E., & Macken, W. J. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.12.008 · Cited by 51
Short-term Memory for Serial Order
Nevill, R., & Henson, A. (2002) · Cited by 53
Computer Simulation of Short-Term Memory: A Component-Decay Model
Laughery, K. R. (1970) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60399-0 · Cited by 46
Acoustic similarity effects on retrieval from secondary memory
Bruce, D. R., & Crowley, J. J. (1970) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80049-4 · Cited by 39
Bologna, W. J., Vaden, K. I., Ahlstrom, J. B., & Dubno, J. R. (2018) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.5044397 · Cited by 35
A developmental study of visual and auditory short-term memory
Siegel, A. W., & Allik, J. P. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80019-2 · Cited by 34
Short term memory demands in processing synthetic speech by old and young adults
Smither, J. A.-A. (1993) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299308924397 · Cited by 33
Linking associative and serial list memory: Pairs versus triples.
Caplan, J. B., Glaholt, M. G., & McIntosh, A. R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.6.1244 · Cited by 30
“For tests of list memory, this type of cued recall probe is known as the sequential probe technique, wherein the participant has to recall the word in the list that immediately followed the probe word (Detterman, 1977; Murdock, 1968; Posnansky, 1972; Woodward, 1970; Woodward & Murdock, 1968) or the list word that imme…”
MethodMemory for numbers: Nominal vs. magnitude information
Hinrichs, J. V., & Novick, L. R. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197651 · Cited by 32
Redintegration and the Useful Lifetime of the Verbal Memory Representation
Schweickert, R., Chen, S., & Poirier, M. (1999) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/002075999399800 · Cited by 30
Role of rehearsal strategy in serial probed recall.
Palmer, S. E., & Ornstein, P. A. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030658 · Cited by 29
The role of control processes in temporal and semantic contiguity
Healey, M. K., & Uitvlugt, M. G. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00895-8 · Cited by 28
“…the size of the primacy and recency effects, such as asking subjects to initiate recall from different parts of the list (e.g., the beginning, the middle, the end) and then allowing free recall after this constrained-initiation (e.g., Craik, 1969; Murdock, 1968; Dalezman, 1976; Katz, 1968).”
Background‘Trace strength’ modality, and the serial position curve in immediate memory
Routh, D. A. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332397 · Cited by 28
The serial position curve in immediate serial recall
Madigan, S. A. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334550 · Cited by 27
McKinstry, B., Watson, P., Elton, R. A., Pinnock, H., Kidd, G., Meyer, B., Logie, R., & Sheikh, A. (2011) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2010.101287 · Cited by 26
“Ordering information according to priority (the first and last pieces of information in a list are best remembered).”
BackgroundResponse suppression contributes to recency in serial recall
Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0212-6 · Cited by 25
“…items recalled first (i.e., at the first output positions) tended to have a shorter retention interval, thus likely giving rise to better performance (the crucial role of retention interval is attested by the large recency typically found in probed recall of single items, e.g., Murdock, 1968).”
BackgroundPositional and sequential probes in serial learning.
Woodward, A. E., & Murdock, B. B. (1968) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082750 · Cited by 23
Kazerounian, S., & Grossberg, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01053 · Cited by 22
“…serial recall (ISR), in which subjects are presented with a list of items and subsequently asked to reproduce the items in order, were among the early probes of the properties of WM (e.g., Nipher, 1878; Ebbinghaus, 1913; Conrad, 1965; Murdock, 1968; Healy, 1974; Henson, 1996; Wickelgren, 1966).”
BackgroundHughes, R. W., Marsh, J. E., & Jones, D. M. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0116-x · Cited by 22
“The classic test of verbal serial STM involves presenting a list of familiar verbal items in an unfamiliar order (e.g., random permutations of the digits 1–8) and, following the last item, requiring the participant to reproduce either the entire sequence (serial recall—e.g., Conrad, 1964 )o r part of the sequence in r…”
BackgroundMethodPrestimulus and poststimulus cuing of recall order in the memory span
Hinrichs, J. V. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331300 · Cited by 21
The developmental influence of primary memory capacity on working memory and academic achievement.
Hall, D., Jarrold, C., Towse, J. N., & Zarandi, A. L. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039464 · Cited by 22
“The terms short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory bring with them assumptions about the temporal properties of the memory system.”
BackgroundAuditory Word Serial Recall Benefits from Orthographic Dissimilarity
Pattamadilok, C., Lafontaine, H., Morais, J., & Kolinsky, R. (2010) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/0023830910371450 · Cited by 20
Lee, M. D., Bock, J. R., Cushman, I., & Shankle, W. R. (2020) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102328 · Cited by 21
Primacy in preschoolers' short-term memory: The effects or repeated tests and shift-trials
Rosner, S. R. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(72)90021-5 · Cited by 19
The course of proactive interference in immediate probed recall
Sanders, A. F., & Willemsen, E. M. (1978) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(78)90012-4 · Cited by 18
Serial-Position Effects in Motor Short-Term Memory
Magill, R. A., & Dowell, M. N. (1977) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1977.10735124 · Cited by 17
Resource allocation in phonological working memory: Same or different principles from vision?
Hepner, C., & Nozari, N. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.03.003 · Cited by 12
“…serial position effects: working memory performance is typically an inverted U-shape function of position with better performance for the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items (e.g., Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971; Caramazza, Miceli, Villa, & Romani, 1987; Healy, 1974; Murdock, 1968).”
BackgroundThe mnemonic effects of recall on immediate retention
Nairne, J. S., Ceo, D. A., & Reysen, M. B. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195954 · Cited by 15
Effects of anticholinergics on serial-probe recognition accuracy of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Myers, T. M., Galbicka, G., Sipos, M. L., Varadi, S., Oubre, J. L., & Clark, M. G. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00909-7 · Cited by 15
A causal contiguity effect that persists across time scales.
KILIÇ, A., Criss, A. H., & Howard, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028463 · Cited by 14
Latching dynamics as a basis for short-term recall
Ryom, K. I., Boboeva, V., Soldatkina, O., & Treves, A. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008809 · Cited by 14
“This measure is usually referred to as Area Under the Curve or AUC [51].”
MethodInfluentialEffects of recall requirement on acquisition strategy.
Butterfield, E. C., Belmont, J. M., & Peltzman, D. J. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031554 · Cited by 13
Proactive interference in immediate serial recall
Sanders, A. F., & Willemsen, E. M. (1978) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(78)90041-0 · Cited by 12
Coding of Spatial and Temporal Information in Episodic Memory
Berch, D. B. (1979) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60341-9 · Cited by 12
Representation of order information: An analysis of grouping effects in short-term memory.
McNicol, D., & Heathcote, A. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.1.76 · Cited by 12
Ordering of nonverbal items in children's recognition memory
Ross, B. M., & Youniss, J. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(69)90024-1 · Cited by 12
Lieberman, J. S., Kyle, C. T., Schedlbauer, A. M., Stokes, J. D., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01081 · Cited by 11
Beyond Routine Maintenance: Current Trends in Working Memory Research
Adam, K. C. S., Klatt, L., Miller, J. A., Rösner, M., Fukuda, K., & Kiyonaga, A. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02298 · Cited by 12
Storage and retrieval of serial‐order information
Murdock, B. B. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210344000260 · Cited by 10
On-item fixations during serial encoding do not affect spatial working memory
Czoschke, S., Henschke, S., & Lange, E. B. (2019) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01786-5 · Cited by 9
“Serial position curves, indicative for serial order, have been demonstrated to differ for all three tasks (e.g., Murdock, 1968a, 1968b).”
Initial Codes for Order in Memory
McNicol, D. (1978) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747808400693 · Cited by 9
Detection Theory and Memory Processes: Are They Compatible?
Grasha, A. F. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.30.1.123 · Cited by 9
Analysis and interpretation of serial position data
Olson, A., Romani, C., & Caramazza, A. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2010.504580 · Cited by 9
“…Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971; Brown, Preece, & Hulme, 2000; Burgess & Hitch, 1999; Henson, 1998b; Lewandowsky, 1999; Lewandowsky & Murdock, 1989; Murdock, 1968; Page & Norris, 1998; and many others), perception (e.g., Mason, 1982; Tydgat & Grainger, 2009), motor control (Agam, Bullock, &…”
InfluentialAccuracy and latency in short-term memory: Evidence for a dual retrieval process.
Moss, S. M., & Sharac, J. A. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028947 · Cited by 9
Medvedeva, A., Galli, G., Petrovskaya, A. V., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02886-6 · Cited by 9
“The recognition test has the advantage over recall tests of a larger number of trials (Murdock, 1968), better performance (Allan & Rugg, 1997), and decreased individual variability (Gomulicki, 1956; Mandler, 1968; Ozier, 1980).”
BackgroundMarsh, J. E., Vachon, F., Sörqvist, P., Marsja, E., Röer, J. P., Richardson, B. H., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2023.2198065 · Cited by 8
“Following the last item, one item from the presented list is re-presented and the requirement is to report the item that followed it in the list (e.g. Murdock, 1968).”
MethodBernstein, M. T., Kong, J., Sriranjan, V., Reisdorf, S., Restall, G. J., Walker, J. R., & Singh, H. (2018) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/11938 · Cited by 8
“In a seminal paper by Murdock [17] on serial order effects in short-term memory, he found there to be a U-shaped (ie, nonlinear) serial position curve regarding recall.”
BackgroundManual for the Vietnamese elicited imitation test
Chaudron, C., Ngyuen, H., & Prior, M. (2005) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 8
A Comparison of Item and Position Probes in Short-Term Memory
Detterman, D. K. (1977) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421639 · Cited by 8
Working memory constraints for visuomotor retrieval strategies
Velázquez-Vargas, C. A., & Taylor, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00122.2024 · Cited by 11
Logan, G. D., Lilburn, S. D., & Ulrich, J. E. (2023) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101583 · Cited by 7
“Our PRP cued recall task breaks the habit by requiring a new plan on each trial, allowing us a different perspective on the memory structure (Kahana & Caplan, 2002; Murdock, 1968) and new insight into the nature of attentional bottlenecks in memory retrieval.”
MethodBeaman, C. P., & Jones, D. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00341 · Cited by 7
Short-term memory impairment in chronic schizophrenics.
Smith, E. E. (1969) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082797 · Cited by 7
Ineffectiveness of visual distinctiveness in enhancing immediate recall
McDowd, J. M., & Madigan, S. A. (1991) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197141 · Cited by 7
Fixed and Random Address Models for Storing Order in Short-Term Memory
McNicol, D. (1975) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747508400486 · Cited by 7
Serial order effects in auditory discrimination by oddity and matching to sample
Doehring, D. G. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205772 · Cited by 7
Context effects in short-term memory: confirmatory evidence from recall of visually presented lists
Bunt, A. A. (1976) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(76)90021-4 · Cited by 6
Lohnas, L. J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.29 · Cited by 5
Predicting immediate ordered recall of lists with products of probabilities
Chen, S., & Schweickert, R. (2004) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2004.01.003 · Cited by 5
Dong, T. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80050-1 · Cited by 5
Rehearsal Strategies and the Serial-Position Curve in Immediate Free Recall of Ordered Items
Herman Buschke, L., & Kintsch, W. (1970) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747008401906 · Cited by 5
Order of Acquisition of the Parts of a Serial-Motor Task
Magill, R. A. (1976) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1976.10615350 · Cited by 4
The confusion of order in short-term memory
McNicol, D. (1971) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537108254600 · Cited by 4
Probe recall and short-term memory: Some evidence for nonlinear search strategies
Harris, G. J. (1975) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198225 · Cited by 3
Silverman, J., & Barnea, U. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.01175 · Cited by 3
Confidence-rated recall, dr, and tests of Bernbach's finite-state theory in recall.
Banks, W. P. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031346 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Murdock, B. B.
- Corresponding author
- Murdock, Bennet B.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4, Pt.2
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964055810
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- serial order effects, short-term memory, memory span, serial position
- MeSH terms
- Cues, Humans, Memory, Mental Processes, Methods, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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