Systematic effect of random error in the yoked control design.

Schedules of reinforcement.

Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957) · doi:10.1037/10627-000 · Cited by 4,894

The varied effects of punishment on behavior.

Church, R. M. (1963) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046499 · Cited by 251

AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRODUODENAL ULCERS

Brady, J. V., PORTER, R. W., Conrad, D. G., & Mason, J. W. (1958) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1958.1-69 · Cited by 167

An experimental analogue of fear from a sense of helplessness.

Mowrer, O. H., & Viek, P. (1948) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057165 · Cited by 146

An experimental method of producing gastric ulcers.

Sawrey, W. L., & Weisz, J. D. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040634 · Cited by 82

An experimental investigation of the role of psychological factors in the production of gastric ulcers in rats.

Sawrey, W. L., Conger, J. J., & Turrell, E. S. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041782 · Cited by 78

Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate

Shearn, D. (1962) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.137.3529.530 · Cited by 73

Sustained performance in rats based on secondary reinforcement.

Zimmerman, D. W. (1959) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045807 · Cited by 65

Classical and instrumental eyelid conditioning.

Kimble, G. A., Mann, L. I., & Dufort, R. H. (1955) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041191 · Cited by 62

Yoked comparisons of instrumental and classical eyelid conditioning.

Moore, J. W., & Gormezano, I. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044551 · Cited by 59

Approach-Avoidance Conflict Behavior as a Result of Prior Exposure to a Conflict Situation

Terris, W., Grandolfo, P., & Maleske, R. (1972) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1972.9918496 · Cited by 2

Learning as a constraint on obligatory responding

Lea, S. E. G., & Midgley, M. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058404 · Cited by 2

Language, evolution, and learning

LIEBERMAN, P. H. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058416 · Cited by 2

La regulation volontaire de la frequence cardiaque chez les humains.

Bouchard, C. (1976) · Canadian Psychological Review/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0081837 · Cited by 2

The yoked control design is not the only test for reinforcement

Dinsmoor, J. A. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058337 · Cited by 2

Arbitrary effect of consequences yet indispensable?

Sevenster, P. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058477 · Cited by 2

Constraints on learning or laws of performance?

Shettleworth, S. J. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058489 · Cited by 2

Misrepresenting the law of effect and ethology as its alternative

Johnston, T. D., & Sharp, J. A. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058398 · Cited by 2

Behavior change without a theory of learning?

Stewart, J., & Rochford, J. M. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058519 · Cited by 2

Truth about consequences

Graham, G. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058362 · Cited by 2

Psychosomatic Disorders: Theories and Evidence

Warwick-Evans, L. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-273903-3.50016-x · Cited by 2

Truth or consequences

Gardner, R. A., & Gardner, B. T. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005860x · Cited by 1

Implicit and explicit Motivated Self-Perception as hypothesis-driven self-construal

Kaufmann, L. M., Sojo, V. E., Genat, A. E., Wheeler, M. A., & Wood, R. E. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.055 · Cited by 1

Internal and External Validity

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.003 · Cited by 1

Dictionary of Experimental Design

(2000) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(00)80012-7 · Cited by 1

Control of Extraneous Variables

Krauth, J. (2000) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(00)80005-x · Cited by 1

Case-Control and Cohort Designs

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.008 · Cited by 1

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.014 · Cited by 1

STUDIES ON MODIFICATION OF SPONTANEOUS AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY

Hamano, K., & Miyake, S. (1972) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.14.38 · Cited by 1

One Session of Flooding as Treatment for Conditioned Avoidance Responding in Humans: Effect of Individualization of Treatment Duration

Hughes, H., Holder, B., & Dubois, K. E. (1978) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.42.2.663 · Cited by 1

Free association, free recall, and stimulated recall compared

Bilodeau, E. A., & Fox, P. W. (1968) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03209861 · Cited by 1

Control over noxious events and choice

Abbott, B. B., & Badia, P. (1979) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209264 · Cited by 1

Feedforward and (not versus) feedbackward

Toates, F. M. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058556 · Cited by 1

Instructional Set and the Presentation of Response Alternatives as Factors Influencing Sentence Generation

Dixon, T. R., & Smith, R. C. (1970) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9920642 · Cited by 1

Control of vocalization by use of a standardized set of verbal reinforcers

Newmark, C. S., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1975) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537508255251 · Cited by 1

Operant GSR conditioning using a within-S design

Milstead, J. R., Baer, P. E., & Führer, M. J. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342490 · Cited by 1

Effects of discrete visual feedback on the electrodermal control of a stressful situation

Burns, R. A. (1981) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/bf00998791 · Cited by 1

Chimp communication without conditioning

Nelson, K. L. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005843x · Cited by 1

Terrace’s “Fading-in” of CS- in differential eyelid conditioning

Coleman, S. R., Newman, F. L., & Moore, J. W. (1965) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03343235 · Cited by 1

Some Operant Misengineering of Behavior

Bronstein, P. M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2403-1_47 · Cited by 1

WITHDRAWN: The Search for the Engram*

Donegan, N. H., & Thompson, R. F. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-474993-1.50006-7 · Cited by 1

Elementary Learning and Behavioral Plasticity

Cotman, C. W., & McGaugh, J. L. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-191650-3.50012-x

The neglected developmental dimension of “obligatory” behavior

Dyer, A. B. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058349

Where are the limits to operant psycholgy?

Reid, R. L. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058453

Conditionnement visceral et biofeedback

Fontaine, O., Paillet, C., & TIMMERMANS, J. M. (1978) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1978.tb00362.x

Contiguity, contingency, and causation

Andrew, R. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005826x

Effect of stimulus location and response measure on an instrumental avoidance conditioning paradigm in spinal rat

Spada, F., & Buerger, A. A. (1976) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03326583

Feeding, forward and backward: Mostly red herrings

Hineline, P. N. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058374

A new apparatus for the study of avoidance conditioning in fishes

Simón, V. M., & Trincker, D. E. W. (1981) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03201882

The ethology of purpose

Marken, R. S. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058428

Well-fed organisms still need feedback

Tomasello, M., & Snow, C. E. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058568

Contingency: Effects of symmetry of choice responses

Tomie, A. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005857x

The law of obligation is insufficient

Thompson, C. R. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058532

Elasmobranch cognitive ability: using electroreceptive

Kimber, J. A., SIMS, D. W., Bellamy, P., Andrew, & Gill, B. (2014)

Communication of Research Findings

Uys, H. H. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315428376-14

Two Reinforcement Contingencies that Influence Discrimination Learning in Stimulus-Fading

Bertolino, M., Rivière, V., & Fields, L. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00387-1

Preface

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.001

Construct and Data-Evaluation Validity

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.004

Single-Case Experimental Research Designs

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.009

Control and Comparison Groups

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.007

Cautions, Negative Effects, and Replication

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.016

Selecting Measures for Research

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.011

Glossary

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.021

Special Topics of Assessment

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.013

References

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.022

Ideas that Begin the Research Process

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.005

Methodology

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.020

Subject Index

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.025

Presenting and Analyzing the Data

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.015

Name Index

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.024

Scientific Integrity

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.018

Introduction

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.002

Assessment: Types of Measures and Their Use

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.012

Experimental Research Using Group Designs

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.006

Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.017

Communication of Research Findings

Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.019

REFERENCE INDEX

(1967) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-s607

THE SEARCH FOR THE ENGRAM

Thompson, R. F., & Donegan, N. H. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-474990-0.50006-x

References

(2000) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(00)80013-9

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders.

Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733127758.793560147

Prisoner's dilemma and the free operant: John Nash, I'd like you to meet Fred Skinner

Keller, J. V. (2023) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.874

Etude de la procédure de stimulus fading dans l'apprentissage d'une discrimination visuelle

Bertolino, M. (2019) · doi:10.70675/bd7ca3f2zdf56z41b4zafeaz97078e8bfc1a

Knowing when to stop: Interoceptive prediction of aversive outcomes guides intake regulation

Huang, S., Chowdhury, Z., Sava, V. D., DeCicco-Skinner, A. C., Cole, L. T., Tekin, D., Marrow, E. R., Clark, P. A., Bekele, H. W., & Riley, A. L. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115510

Yoked Control Versus Random Reinforcement : a Comparison of Experimental Designs

Hoover, T. O., & Deitchman, R. (1972) · The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)

Yoked control designs for assessment of contingency

Church, R. M. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058313 · Cited by 3

Response bias in the yoked control procedure

Wasserman, E. A. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058581 · Cited by 5

An extension of control group design

Solomon, R. L. (1949) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0062958 · Cited by 541

Systematic Errors: Why They Occur and What Can Be Done About Them

Yates, J. F. (1992) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/032106

Yoked Control Procedure

(2010) · Encyclopedia of Research Design · doi:10.4135/9781412961288.n506 · Cited by 3