Cited by 321Treatment of Major DepressionNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Cognitive functioning in the first-episode of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ahern, Elayne, Semkovska, Maria·2017·Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1037/neu0000319

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits are frequently observed in major depression. Yet, when these deficits emerge and how they relate to the depressed state is unclear. The aim of this 2-part systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the pattern and extent of cognitive deficits during a first-episode of depression (FED) and their persistence following FED remission. METHOD: Published, peer-reviewed articles on cognitive function in FED patients through October 2015 were searched. Meta-analyses with random-effects modeling were conducted. Part 1 assessed weighted, mean effect sizes of cognitive function in FED patients relative to healthy controls. Moderator analyses of clinical and demographical variables effects were conducted. Part 2 assessed weighted, mean effect sizes of change in cognitive function at remission compared with acute FED performance in longitudinal studies. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies including 994 FED patients were retained in Part 1. Relative to healthy controls, small to large impairments were observed across most cognitive domains. Remission was associated with a normalization of function in processing speed, learning and memory, autobiographical memory, shifting, and IQ. Lower FED age was associated with higher IQ, but more impairment in word-list delayed memory. Four studies including 92 FED patients were retained in Part 2. Following remission, FED patients showed small improvements in processing speed and shifting but persistent impairment in inhibition and verbal fluency. CONCLUSION: Significant cognitive deficits are already identifiable during a FED, with some functions showing persistent impairment upon remission. Clinicians must consider cognitive impairment alongside mood symptoms to ensure functional recovery from the FED. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Authors: Ahern, E., & Semkovska, M.
Affiliations: University of Limerick (IE)
ORCID: Ahern, Elayne
Semkovska, Maria
Venue: Neuropsychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 31
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-72
ISSN: 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
1931-1559
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000319
OpenAlex: W2530010419
Cited by: 321
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 9
FWCI: 14.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, first-episode depression, cognitive impairment, remission, processing speed, inhibition, verbal fluency, learning and memory, autobiographical memory, cognitive flexibility, IQ, age effects
MeSH terms: Adult, Attention, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Male, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Verbal Learning, Executive Function, Memory, Episodic

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Cognitive functioning in the first-episode of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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