Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis.

“While research has established an association between depression symptoms and IPV victimization and perpetration (S. Oram et al., 2014; Spencer et al., 2019; K. Trevillion et al., 2012), the temporal relationship between these two experiences remains unclear.”

“…has been a growing body of research that examines risk markers for IPV perpetration and victimization (e.g., Cafferky, Mendez, Anderson, & Stith, 2018; Spencer, Cafferky, & Stith, 2016; Spencer et al., 2017; Stith, Smith, Penn, Ward, & Tritt, 2004), yet less is known about the risk factors for IPH.”

“These findings are in keeping with previously published systematic reviews which suggest an association between mental illness and perpetration of domestic violence (Oram, Trevillion, Khalifeh, Feder, & Howard, 2013; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“However, some of these studies only focus on physical IPV and do not examine emotional IPV (e.g., Golding, 1999; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“…have revealed small to moderate mean correlations between physical or combined IPV and PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidality, and drug and alcohol use, with the most robust evidence with PTSD and with depression (Devries et al., 2013; Golding, 1999; Spencer et al. 2019; Stith et al., 2004).”

“…to synthesize research on IPV risk markers (e.g., Archer, 2000; Kimmes et al., 2017; Smith-Marek et al., 2015; Spencer, Cafferky, & Stith, 2016; Spencer et al., 2017; Stith, Green, Smith, & Ward, 2008; Stith, Smith, Penn, Ward, & Tritt, 2004), without the focus of sample type as a…”

“Depression (Forgey & Badger, 2010; Spencer et al., 2019), anxiety (Spencer et al., 2019), and substance abuse (Foran & O’Leary, 2008) are linked to IPV perpetration and victimization.”

“Consistent with research in other IPV populations, significant and positive associations were detected between IPV and each of these mental health outcomes (Spencer et al., 2019; Taft et al., 2011; Trevillion et al., 2012).”

“Consistent with prior findings, previous mental illness [49], non-heterosexuality [10, 11] and intimate partner violence [8, 13] were individually associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms while perceived social support was associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptoms [18, 50].”

“Abusive Behaviour Inventory Past-year & lifetime IPV perpetration and victimisation Current or ex-partner Past-year (current partner) Physical IPV = 27% Lifetime (current partner) Physical IPV = 41% Lifetime (ex-partner) Physical IPV = 43% Lifetime Physical IPV = 36% 4/9 Spouses of a random sample of veterans (Army, M…”

“PTSD is widespread among IPV-exposed women (4) with a weighted mean prevalence rate of 64% across 11 studies (5).”

“Other known risk factors for intimate partner violence include lack of formal and informal support from health- and social services, friends and family, mental health problems and drug use [11, 12].”

“A recent meta-analysis examining correlations between mental health and physical IPV perpetration and victimization found that anxiety and depression were strongly correlated with physical IPV victimization among women [84].”

“Further, it is known that reductions in well-being and a deterioration in mental health can follow from abuse between parents and children (Strathearn et al., 2020), between partners (Spencer et al., 2019) or at work (Gale et al., 2019).”

“…likelihood of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression symptoms compared to acquaintance or stranger encounters, particularly in sexual abuse cases (Gutner et al., 2006; Spencer et al., 2019; Temple et al., 2007), but also for physical assault survivors (Lawyer et al., 2006).”

“Although the mental health sequelae of IPV are many (e.g., Hien & Ruglass, 2009; Spencer et al., 2019), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent disorders among IPV survivors with research documenting a strong association between IPV and PTSD (Hien & Ruglass, 2009; Spencer…”

“The experience of DFV is associated with the onset and exacerbation of mental health disorders (Salcioglu et al., 2017; Spencer et al., 2019), with a higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Lagdon et al., 2014; Spencer et al., 2019), depression (Bacchus et al., 2018; Devries…”

“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression often arise during GBV and continue long afterwards (Aguirre et al. 2010; Spencer et al. 2017).”

“However, a recent meta-analysis showed that persistent mental health problems, such as antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder, as well as anxiety and depression, are correlated with physical IPV perpetration among adults (Spencer et al., 2019).”

“IPV can have manifold negative physical, sexual, and emotional/mental health consequences for those experiencing it, some of which can last a lifetime (Bosch et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“In addition, the feminist perspectives reported that wives who faced constant acts of violence from husbands and in-laws became psychologically depressed, emotionally abused, and cognitively helpless [54, 55].”

“For example, household crowding might lead to stress and depression by making it difficult for women to escape negative interactions [7,33], which are associated with both IPV perpetration and victimization [8,34].”

“…incidence of cluster-B personality profile, which includes narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic, and borderline personality, have been associated with IPV (Cascardi et al., 2018; Fernández-Suárez et al., 2018; JuarrosBasterretxea et al., 2018; López-Ossorio et al., 2018; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“A meta-analysis found that men’s physical assault perpetration was associated with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [24].”

“Two meta-analyses of research in this area have supported a relationship between PTSD and IPV perpetration (Spencer et al., 2019; Taft et al., 2011).”

“Therefore, alexithymia can be considered a risk factor for IPV perpetration and victimization along with other psychological characteristics identified by previous meta-analytic studies (i.e., emotional regulation, mental health disorders, and symptoms) (Maloney et al., 2023; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Given the emergence of predictive policing in recent years (10) and the growth in the availability of “big data,” the possibility of applying sophisticated methods to administrative data collections from law enforcement and health to prevent FDV events has become possible.”

“Initial work examining civil POs has revealed mixed findings for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, the two most prevalent mental health problems among victims (Golding, 1999; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Some of these factors associated with lower levels of education include increased mental health symptoms and lower levels of income (Araya et al., 2003; Spencer et al., 2019; Hout, 2012).”

“Firstly, IPV victimization is associated with PTSD (54, 55).”

“…in an abusive relationship, mean levels of symptoms indicated moderate-to-severe levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, re fl ecting other studies cross-culturally (e.g., Lagdon et al., 2014) and the long-term effects of IPV on women found in recent metanalyses (Spencer, Mallory, et al., 2019).”

“This high occurrence is especially troublesome in view of its deleterious consequences, including psychological and physical distress among victims (Spencer et al., 2019), suffering in the families of the victims, and substantial costs for society (Peterson et al., 2018).”

“Numerous studies found that individuals with BPD show higher rates of IPV perpetration (e.g., González et al., 2016; Maneta et al., 2013; Peters et al., 2017; Spencer et al., 2019), while both forms of IPV have been associated with (subclinical) features of BPD (Krause-Utz et al.”

“The impact of violence on an individual’s wellbeing includes consequences for physical, mental, and behavioral health that are both acute and chronic (Spencer et al., 2017) and, for too many victims of IPV, fatal (Dawson & Piscitelli, 2017).”

“Depression, PTSD, and substance use disorders are the most common (Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD) have also been found to be strongly correlated with both IPV victimization and perpetration, particularly in criminal justice samples (Goldenson et al., 2007; Leisring et al., 2003; Logan & Blackburn, 2009; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“, 2018), the acceptability of violence in everyday social relationships, men's own experiences of violence, and adverse events in childhood and later life, and poor mental health, including substance use (Gibbs et al., 2018; Gibbs, Dunkle, Ramsoomar, et al., 2020; Jewkes, 2002; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Further, to the best of our knowledge no study has yet examined men’s polyperpetration experiences of IPV in relation to mental health, despite existing scientific evidence linking IPV perpetration to mental health problems (Shorey et al., 2012; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“In fact, it should be noted that when individuals suffer from psychological distress, stress, and depression, they are at higher risk of perpetrate IPV (Spencer et al., 2019a, 2019b; Spencer et al., 2021).”

“The impact of mental health on IPV is important to note: Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder all significantly predict IPV perpetration and victimization (Spencer et al. 2019).”

“In the same way that psychologists should focus part of the intervention on aspects related to antisocial and borderline personality traits (e.g., emotional regulation problems, impulsivity, or aggressiveness; Spencer et al., 2019), professionals should pay attention to how these aspects predict more alcohol use and a…”

“In addition, meta-analytic work examining BPD and ASPD in the context of IPV have found both to be significant correlates of IPV perpetration and victimization (Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Post-traumatic stress disorder is strongly associated with suicide and has been described as one of the most clinically significant mental health problems reported by IPV survivors, with international prevalence rates ranging between 31–84% among IPV-populations (Dutton, 2009; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“…coercive control speci fi cally is associated with posttraumatic mental health conditions including PTSD (e.g., Golding, 1999; Lohmann et al., 2024; Spencer et al., 2019; Stith et al., 2004), while some constellations of mental health reactions may also align with notions of complex PTSD (CPTSD;…”

“This is perhaps not surprising, given the consistency of the association between borderline pathology and disrupted interpersonal relationships (e.g., Spencer et al., 2019; Whisman & Schonbrun, 2009).”

“There is insufficient prospective research to determine whether a causal relationship between mental health and domestic violence exists (Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Children who experience abuse are also more likely to experience behavior problems, suffer from depression, and to misuse drugs and alcohol, all of which can further elevate their risk for IPV perpetration (Capaldi et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2015; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“…established that female victims of IPV suffer severe, long-lasting effects on their physical and mental health (Cho & Wilke, 2010; Sanz-Barbero et al., 2019) and are more likely to experience repeat victimization or revic-timization over the course of their life (Spencer, Mallory, et al., 2019).”

“Un metaanálisis reciente demostró que la ansiedad y el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) se relacionan signiicativamente más con la victimización que con la perpetración de violencia de pareja, tanto en hombres como en mujeres (Spencer et al. 2017).”

“This is consistent with a large body of research suggesting that IPV is associated with PTSD symptoms (for meta-analytic review see Spencer et al., 2019; Taft et al., 2011).”

“High rates of PTSD, anxiety, depression and suicidality have been documented among IPV survivors (Spencer et al., 2019).”

“depression is significantly related to both physical and emotional IPV perpetration for both men and women (BarrosGomes et al., 2019; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Previous research and meta-analyses have shown that mental and physical health have been highly associated with IPV physical victimization (Ahmadzad-Asl et al., 2016; Avanci et al., 2013; Capaldi et al., 2012; Carlson et al., 2002; Hossaini & Saravani, 2016; Spencer et al., 2019).”

“Such factors were previously associated with male IPV perpetration in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Clare et al., 2021; Kimber et al., 2018; S. Li et al., 2020; C. Spencer et al., 2019; C. M. Spencer et al., 2022).”