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Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
Objectives: This meta-analysis aimed to explore the relationship between mental health disorders and symptoms of mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], antisocial personality disorder [PD], and borderline PD) and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization for males and females. Method: Data from 207 studies, yielding 511 effect sizes, were analyzed. The overall strength of each correlate for IPV perpetration and victimization was examined. Moderator analyses were used to compare the strength of correlates for IPV victimization versus perpetration, as well as for males versus females. Results: Depression, anxiety, PTSD, antisocial PD, and borderline PD were all significant correlates for both IPV victimization and perpetration. Anxiety and PTSD were significantly stronger correlates for victimization than for perpetration, and borderline PD and antisocial PD were significantly stronger correlates for perpetration than for victimization. For women, borderline PD was a significantly stronger correlate for IPV perpetration than for victimization, and PTSD was a significantly stronger correlate for IPV victimization than perpetration. Depression was a significantly stronger correlate for IPV victimization for women than for men. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive examination of mental health disorders and their link to IPV perpetration and victimization. The results suggest that clinicians work…
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“These previous meta-analyses have revealed small to moderate mean correlations between physical or combined IPV and PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidality, and drug and alcohol use, with the most robust evidence with PTSD and with depression (Devries et al., 2013; Golding, 1999; Spencer et al. 2019; Stith et al., 2004).”
From The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Spencer et al. 2019
In the citing paper
“Most meta-analyses to date have not focused on psychological IPV and have either solely focused on the mental health implications of physical IPV exposure (e.g., Golding, 1999; Spencer et al., 2019; Stith et al., 2004), or have combined different types of IPV (e.g., Beydoun et al., 2012; Devries et al., 2013; Trevillion et al., 2012).”
From The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Spencer et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“For instance, Spencer et al.’s (2019) large meta-analysis found small to moderate correlations between physical IPV and PTSD (r = .34), as well as depression (r = .25).”
From The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Spencer et al.’s (2019)
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the strength of the associations were comparable to those for physical IPV and combined IPV found in previous meta-analyses.”
From The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Spencer et al.’s (2019)
In the citing paper
“While research has established an association between depression symptoms and IPV victimization and perpetration (S. Oram et al., 2014; Spencer et al., 2019; K. Trevillion et al., 2012), the temporal relationship between these two experiences remains unclear.”
From Global Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Spencer et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“research has found that while PTSD is more strongly associated with IPV victimization, AS traits are more strongly associated with IPV perpetration (Spencer et al., 2019).”
From Childhood Physical Abuse and Antisocial Traits: Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters (2022) · cites this paper as Spencer et al., 2019
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“…and typically retrospectively associated with victim populations (e.g. symptoms of depression or childhood maltreatment trauma) (Jaeckl & Laughon, 2021; Kulig, 2022; Spencer et al., 2019), their cumulative contribution to the likelihood of becoming victimized for any given individual is unclear.”
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“Spencer, Stith, and Cafferky 2019).”
Gudde, C. B., Palmstierna, T., Whittington, R., & Nesset, M. B. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251355622 · Cited by 3
“…of IPV have childhood experiences of violence from family members (Petruccelli et al., 2019; Syed et al., 2023), which in adult-hood is associated with psychosocial challenges like anxiety and depression, substance use, as well as disorders involving poor impulse control (C. Spencer et al., 2019).”
Karantzas, G. C., Romano, D. A., Chesterman, S., Marshall, E. M., Knox, L., Mullins, E. R., Lawless, N. J., Ferguson, E., Miller, P. G., Eckhardt, C. I., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12911 · Cited by 2
“…have been found to heighten the tendency to perpetrate IPV as people's negative cognitive-affective states bias their perceptions of partners and also increase their difficulty to regulate their emotions which can strengthen the urge to aggress against a romantic partner (Spencer et al., 2019).”
Rates and Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Among Service Members and Veterans
Coppola, E. C., Ray, T. N., Relyea, M., Stander, V. A., Brandt, C., & Portnoy, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251370402 · Cited by 2
“IPV has been linked to adverse physical and mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (Spencer et al., 2019), severe chronic pain (Walker et al., 2022), and poor physical health (Spencer et al., 2022).”
Lane, R., Alves-Costa, F., Gribble, R., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324653 · Cited by 2
“Finally, as in civilian research [31–33], personnel mental health, in particular depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use, have been shown to be risk factors for both IPVA use and experience in military populations [6,10,11,34,35].”
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Rico, J. E. M., Méndez, J. H. M., Sánchez, M. M. R., Escobar, S. J. P., Suárez, A. M. S., & Rincón, D. L. (2022) · Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia eBooks · doi:10.14718/9786287554146.2022 · Cited by 4
Guo, P., Wang, R., Li, J., Qin, Y., Meng, N., Shan, L., Liu, H., Liu, J., & Wu, Q. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2386226 · Cited by 4
“The tendency to ruminate may contribute to women developing major depressive disorder (Hyde et al., 2008; Spencer et al., 2019).”
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“Despite the range of interpersonal roles and relationships, adult research has tended to focus on intimate partnerships, with an extensive body of literature studying aggressive behavior in these relationships (Li et al., 2020; Spencer et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAggression und Gewalt in der Familie
Krahé, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_20 · Cited by 1
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“Given the reciprocal violence in our sample, it is not surprising that depression contributes to IPV risk, as “the stress that can be caused from one or both partners having a mental health disorder could contribute to either or both partners perpetrating physical IPV” (Spencer et al., 2019, p. 2).”
Kaufman-Parks, A. M., Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., & Giordano, P. C. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00690-5 · Cited by 1
“Poorer mental health is also a correlate of IPV victimization (Hahn et al., 2014; Pengpid & Peltzer, 2020; Spencer et al., 2019).”
Showalter, K., Choi, M. S., & Marçal, K. E. (2025) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2024-0131 · Cited by 1
Kachadourian, L. K., Fischer, I. C., Presseau, C., Portnoy, G. A., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120447 · Cited by 1
Gagnon‐Tremblay, J., Saint-Jacques, M., Péloquin, K., Dugal, C., Godbout, N., Lafontaine, M., Savard, C., & Brassard, A. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-01023-8 · Cited by 1
Sabri, B., & Li, J. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251412382 · Cited by 1
Russo, L. N., Mezzapelle, J. L., Hines, D. A., Douglas, E. M., Lee, K. A., & Sabina, C. (2026) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2026.2650131 · Cited by 1
“…existing research demonstrating that IPV can cause significant psychological harm to victims (Afifi et al., 2012; Hines & Douglas, 2011; Próspero, 2007; Shorey et al., 2011; Spencer et al., 2019) and highlight the need for interventions that explicitly address the emotional consequences of abuse.”
Sabri, B., & Granger, D. A. (2026) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.70076 · Cited by 1
A Dyadic Examination of Individual Symptomology and Relational Functioning Within the Context of IPV
Katafiasz, H., Patton, R., Georke, J., Dragomir, R., & Fye, J. (2019) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-019-09512-x · Cited by 1
Audit of Documentation of Forensic History on Admission Form in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit
Zubair, U. B., & Brown, R. (2021) · Journal of College of Physicians And Surgeons Pakistan · doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2021.06.707 · Cited by 1
Intimate Partner Violence Risk and Intervention: Need for an International Lens
Stith, S. (2021) · International Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74808-1_1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRipoll‐Núñez, K., & Naismith, I. (2022) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2021-0037 · Cited by 1
Özcan, Ş., & Yanmış, S. (2022) · Karya Journal of Health Science · doi:10.52831/kjhs.1105342 · Cited by 1
Rico, J. E. M., Méndez, J. H. M., Sánchez, M. M. R., Escobar, S. J. P., Suárez, A. M. S., & Rincón, D. L. (2022) · Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia eBooks · doi:10.14718/9786287554085.2022.4 · Cited by 1
Pernebo, K., & Almqvist, K. (2023) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2021-0056 · Cited by 1
Psychopathic Traits Partly Explained the Reduced Vagal Tone of Batterers Coping with Acute Stress
Sarrate‐Costa, C., Lila, M., Moya‐Albiol, L., & Romero‐Martínez, Á. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2294917 · Cited by 1
“…b (e.g., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) which tend to be closely related to maladaptive behaviors (Costa & Babcock, 2008; Mauricio et al., 2007; Spencer et al., 2019; Walsh et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRöhr, A.-K., Kohn, N., Bergs, R., Clemens, B., Lampert, A., Spehr, M., Habel, U., & Wagels, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57585-y · Cited by 1
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“These factors are known to in fl uence intimate relationships (Spencer et al., 2019; Taleporos & McCabe, 2003).”
Marshall, C., Chabake, S. A., Fernet, M., Brassard, A., & Langevin, R. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00727-7 · Cited by 2
“These findings align with past research showing that exposure to IPV as a child is associated with experiencing abuse by an intimate partner as an adult (Madruga et al., 2017; Spencer et al., 2019b).”
Harris, M. N., & Konkel, R. H. (2024) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-024-09772-w · Cited by 1
“…and adjustment problems), or engaging in risky behaviors (e.g., alcohol, drug abuse, criminal history, history of violence in the home) correspond to heightened rates of domestic violence (Kraanen et al., 2014; Spencer et al., 2019; Stover, Urdahl, & Easton, 2012; Turner et al., 2013).”
Personality profiles of women in relationships involving men with pathological personality features
Lucas, K., South, S. C., Brown, S., Young, J. L., & Samuel, D. B. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112866 · Cited by 1
González, A., & Johnson, D. M. (2024) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-024-00762-4 · Cited by 1
“Research indicates that IPV results in serious negative consequences for Latinas (Reyes et al., 2023) and that PTSD symptoms are the most prevalent negative health outcomes resulting from IPV (Spencer et al., 2019).”
InfluentialMartini, J., Deneault, A., Zhu, J., Racine, N. M., Fearon, P. R. M., Madigan, S. L., & Jenkins, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119742 · Cited by 1
Behind the Curtain of Smiles: The Silent Torment of Domestic Violence
Hashim, R. C., Jayasingam, S., Mustamil, N. M., Bakar, R. B. A., & Omar, S. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7372-8_4 · Cited by 1
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“IPV, in all its forms, has deleterious consequences for survivors’ mental (Spencer et al., 2019) and physical health (Stubbs & Szoeke, 2022).”
Mental healthcare use of women who perpetrate intimate partner abuse: A case-linkage study
Brygel, M., Spivak, B., Trood, M. D., & McEwan, T. E. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251370889 · Cited by 1
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Tamanza, G., & Gennari, M. L. (2021) · TERAPIA FAMILIARE · doi:10.3280/tf2020-124009 · Cited by 1
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“A link between anxiety and IPV perpetration has been previously documented (Barbaro, Boutwell, & Shackelford, 2019; C. Spencer et al., 2019; C. M. Spencer, Keilholtz, & Stith, 2021), and depression is one of the most studied consequences of IPV (Frieze et al., 2020; Warshaw et al., 2009) found…”
BackgroundCouples and Family Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence
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“PTSD is among the most common psychiatric problems reported among women who have experienced IPV (Spencer et al., 2019); weighted mean prevalence rates of PTSD among community samples of women who have experienced IPV are approximately 32% (Golding, 1999)—substantially higher than rates of…”
Balachander, M., Hategekimana, J. D. D., Roth, D., Asghar, K., Bourey, C., & Falb, K. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.98
“…may exacerbate mental distress (Lagdon et al., 2014), mental distress may increase violence exposure (Trevillion et al., 2012); and cyclically, violence exposure may exacerbate mental distress, which may increase violence exposure and, in turn, worsen mental distress (Spencer et al., 2019).”
BackgroundIntimate partner violence: impact of a faith-based biopsychosocio-spiritual approach to intervention
Bernardi, D. A., & Steyn, F. (2024) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2024.2429997
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“Survivors of IPV experience physical, psychological, and/or sexual abuse from their partners, which can result in an array of physical and mental health problems (Calton et al., 2016; Spencer et al., 2019).”
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“Finally, research showed that antisociality is a risk factor for partner violence victimization and perpetration among clinical samples (Spencer et al., 2019).”
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Al-Naama, K. J. (2025) · Gulf Studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7392-6_6
Anwar, I., Sadia, R., Khan, S., & Aslam, I. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251349820
“The association between IPV and PPD can be justified in the light of stress theory that contends that IPV tends to have a substantial negative influence on women’s mental health, including symptoms of anxiety, PPD, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Spencer et al., 2019; White et al., 2024).”
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“…function of psychosocial and environmental factors, often intergenerationally transmitted, including experiences of childhood abuse and neglect, parental substance use, poor parent-child attachment, and cultural norms, among others (Herbert et al., 2020; Kimmes et al., 2019; Spencer et al., 2019).”
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Cao, J., Wong, J. A., Song, Y., Choi, S., & Lim, S. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02633-0
Women's experiences of borderline personality disorder in the perinatal period
Ferguson, R., & Taylor, J. (2025) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2025.0053
A Latent Class Analysis on Intimate Partner Violence, Dog Abuse, and Cat Abuse Perpetration
Spencer, C. M., Renken, N. D., & Keilholtz, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00964-4
Self-citationBourey, C., Musci, R. J., Bass, J. K., Glass, N. E., Matabaro, A., & Kelly, J. T. D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25045412
Sattar, T., Ahmad, S., & Asim, M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22612273
Jiwani, Z., Drylewski, G., Maté, H., Sharma, S., Barzilai, E., Goldberg, S. B., Thapa, S., Walsh, K., & Steele, M. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-01018-5 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, IPV exposure has been associated with poor mental ACEs, IPV AND MENTAL HEALTH IN RURAL INDIA 7 health (Bacchus et al., 2018; Ellsberg et al., 2008; Spencer et al., 2019).”
Wadji, D. L., Pirro, T., & Langevin, R. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251399684
Gibbs, A., Mkhwanazi, S., Khaula, S., Washington, L., & Sikweyiya, Y. M. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251408126
Childhood Maltreatment as Risk Markers for Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: A Meta‐Analysis
Renken, N. D., Spencer, C. M., Moore, M. M., & Zehr, P. A. (2026) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70127 · Cited by 1
Self-citationIntimate Partner Violence and Male Survivors’ Help-Seeking
Cho, H., Kim, W., Gillis, K., Harris, R., & Goetz, K. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01059-4
Ha, J.-Y., Park, H.-J., & Kim, M. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01068-3
Wagner, G. J., Siconolfi, D. E., Hong, C., Nacht, C. L., & Storholm, E. D. (2026) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/29933021.2026.2633505 · Cited by 1
Galano, M. M., Lee, M. K., Uribe, A. C., Howell, K. D., & Mahoney, C. T. (2026) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012261429106
Ferguson, J. J., Thomas, E. D., Ho, D., Newberger, N. G., & Weiss, N. H. (2026) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2026.2638187
“…rates of numerous physical and mental health concerns that have profound effects on wellbeing across the lifespan (Campbell, 2002; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2008; Field & Caetano, 2004; Reyes et al., 2023; Spencer et al., 2019; Stubbs & Szoeke, 2022; White et al., 2024).”
Pérez-González, M., Sánchez-Rodríguez, M. D., Daugherty, J. C., Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. A., Pérez-Garcı́a, M., Amaoui, S., & Verdejo-Román, J. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04063-x
Alfano, A. R., Schick, M. R., & Sullivan, T. P. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261429549
Metadata
- Authors
- Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., & Stith, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Kansas State University (US)
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychology of Violence
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 2152-081X (ISSN-L)
- 2152-0828
- OpenAlex
- W2770999921
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 13.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Violence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, perpetration, victimization, mental health, psychological factors, domestic violence
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