Negative Urgency, Emotion Regulation, and Intimate Partner Violence Severity in High Risk Couples with Alcohol Use Disorders.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Adaptive emotion regulation skills are potentially modifiable protective factors that could serve to inhibit IPV and problematic alcohol use.

“Adaptive emotion regulation skills are potentially modifiable protective factors that could serve to inhibit IPV and problematic alcohol use (Weiss et al., 2021).”

• cites Weiss et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were associated with fewer alcohol use problems among women in couples experiencing IPV, and proposes targeting those strategies in treatment. It does not show that the strategies inhibit IPV itself; IPV was the context of the study, not an outcome tested for this claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adaptive emotion regulation is associated with fewer alcohol use problems.

“Adaptive emotion regulation is associated with fewer alcohol use problems (Weiss et al., 2021).”

• cites Weiss et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that women’s greater use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was negatively associated with their own alcohol use problems. The claim omits that the finding concerns cognitive strategies in a sample of couples experiencing intimate partner violence in which at least one partner had alcohol use disorder; it does not establish the association across populations generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The relationship between AUD and impulsivity is well established, with impulsivity predicting future relapses.

“Moreover, the relationship between AUD and impulsivity are well established (e.g., Coskunpinar et al., 2013), with impulsivity predicting future relapses (Sliedrecht et al., 2020).”

• cites Coskunpinar et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Sliedrecht et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some evidence among healthy adults suggests that the factorial structure of the CERQ may be inconsistent across groups.

“Though adaptive coping skills measured with the CERQ have routinely been examined as a latent factor in prior work focused on IPV and substance misuse (e.g., Flanagan et al., 2025; Forkus et al., 2025; Weiss et al., 2021), some evidence among healthy adults suggests that the factorial structure of this measure may be inconsistent across groups (Flores-Kanter et al., 2025).”

• cites Flores-Kanter et al., 2025 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Conclusion report inconsistent evidence for the CERQ’s proposed nine-factor structure and inadequate fit in this study. The Methods describe a sample of Argentine adults, most of whom were not in psychological or psychiatric treatment, but the Discussion says the results were not tested across independent samples or replicated in other populations. The paper therefore supports concern about the factorial structure, not a finding that it differs across groups. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In unadjusted analyses, AUDIT symptom severity was associated with psychological IPV perpetration severity, but this association was no longer statistically significant after accounting for other predictors.

“In unadjusted analyses, AUDIT symptom severity and negative urgency were associated with psychological IPV perpetration severity. However, these associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant after accounting for other predictors.”

May combine two claims.

In unadjusted analyses, negative urgency was associated with psychological IPV perpetration severity, but this association was no longer statistically significant after accounting for other predictors.

“In unadjusted analyses, AUDIT symptom severity and negative urgency were associated with psychological IPV perpetration severity. However, these associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant after accounting for other predictors.”

May combine two claims.

Negative urgency is associated with problematic drinking, sexual IPV perpetration, and physical IPV perpetration.

“Further, negative urgency is associated with problematic drinking, sexual IPV perpetration, and physical IPV perpetration (Oesterle, Echkardt, & Parrott, 2023; Simpson et al., 2022).”

• cites Oesterle, Echkardt, & Parrott, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Simpson et al., 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In couples at high risk for alcohol-related IPV, both actor and partner heavy drinking and negative urgency impulsivity are associated with physical IPV, as are their interactions.

“When considering couples at high risk for alcohol-related IPV (e.g., dyads with alcohol use disorder and a history of physical IPV), both actor and partner heavy drinking and negative urgency impulsivity are associated with physical IPV, as are their interactions (Leone et al., 2016).”

• cites Leone et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In dyads, impulsivity and alcohol misuse predict both frequency of actor and partner physical and psychological IPV as well as severity of physical IPV occurring in the relationship.

“In dyads in particular, impulsivity and alcohol misuse predict both the frequency of actor and partner physical and psychological IPV as well as the severity of physical IPV occurring in the relationship (Watkins, Maldonado, & DiLillo, 2014).”

• cites Watkins, Maldonado, & DiLillo, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The I-cubed model asserts that aggression perpetration can be predicted by impelling, inhibiting, and instigating factors.

“This model asserts that aggression perpetration can be predicted by the presence of impelling (i.e., contextual, individual, or momentary factors that increase the urge to aggress), inhibiting (i.e., skills, contexts, or factors that decrease the urge to aggress), and instigating (i.e., momentary antecedents that evoke aggression urges) factors.”

• cites Birkley & Eckhardt, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Eckhardt et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Finkel & Hall, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most couples participated after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and reported levels of IPV frequency and severity may have been impacted by factors such as stay-at-home orders, financial and emotional stress, and grief and loss, though the authors cannot be sure how the data was impacted.

“Finally, given that most couples participated in this study after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, reported levels of IPV frequency and severity may have been impacted by factors such as stay-at-home orders, financial and emotional stress, and grief and loss. However, we cannot be sure how the current data was impacted by this historic context, underscoring the need for future work to replicate”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Negative Urgency subscale of the UPPS-P had a Cronbach's alpha of .76 in this sample.

“Only the Negative Urgency subscale (e.g., I have trouble controlling my impulses”) was used for this current study and was found to have a Cronbach’s Alpha score of (α =.76).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All study procedures were approved by an IRB, and research staff obtained written informed consent before completing any study procedures.

“All study procedures for this study were approved by IRB, and research staff obtained written informed consent before completing any study procedures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study used a random intercept at the dyad level to account for interdependence between partners' aggression levels.

“In all models, a random intercept at the dyad level accounted for interdependence between partners’ aggression levels.”

May combine two claims.

The effectiveness of adaptive regulation strategies in this context may depend on the presence of other inhibitory forces and/or the absence of relevant disinhibiting factors.

“Taken together, it is possible that the effectiveness of adaptive regulation strategies, in this context, may be dependent on the presence of other inhibitory forces and/or the absence of relevant disinhibiting factors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The current study focused on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, which can vary in function, utility, and effectiveness based on an individual's ability to apply strategies in contextually and situationally-appropriate ways.

“The current study focused on examining cognitive emotion regulation strategies which can vary in function, utility, and effectiveness based on an individual’s ability to apply strategies in contextually and situationally-appropriate ways (Aldao & Tull, 2015).”

• cites Aldao & Tull, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The adaptive function of emotion regulation strategies depends on flexible and situationally appropriate use, so strategies considered adaptive may not always predict positive outcomes if misapplied, while strategies considered maladaptive may at times serve a short-term or adaptive function.

“Specifically, the “adaptive” function of emotion regulation strategies is dependent on the flexible and situationally appropriate use of strategies, such that certain strategies considered “adaptive” may not always predict positive outcomes if misapplied, while strategies considered “maladaptive” may at times serve a short-term or adaptive function.”

• cites Aldao & Tull, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is possible that there are IPV-specific situational and contextual factors that impact the function and effectiveness of these cognitive emotion regulation skills.

“Notably, it’s also possible that there are IPV-specific situational and contextual factors that impact the function and effectiveness of these cognitive emotion regulation skills.”

May combine two claims.

The study used a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to draw causal inferences.

“The current study utilized a cross-sectional design which limits the ability to draw causal inferences.”

May combine two claims.

The sample consisted primarily of white, cis-gender, and heterosexual couples who were experiencing less severe and bidirectional IPV and choosing to remain in their current relationships.

“The sample consisted primarily of white, cis-gender, and heterosexual couples; and notably, couples who were experiencing less severe and bidirectional IPV and simultaneously choosing to remain in their current relationships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AUDIT had a Cronbach's alpha of .89 in the present sample.

“Cronbach’s alpha for this measure was (α = .89), in the present sample.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current emotion regulation measure combines various strategies that may differentially relate to outcomes.

“The current emotion regulation measure also combines various strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, putting into perspective) that may differentially relate to outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

The secondary analysis used exclusively self-report measures in a single reporter format, which can be susceptible to bias (e.g., recall, social desirability) and influenced by a person's ability and willingness to respond accurately.

“Additionally, this secondary analysis was comprised of exclusively self-report measures in a single reporter format which can be susceptible to bias (e.g., recall, social desirability) and influenced by a person’s ability and willingness to respond accurately.”