The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo.
Abstract
Many dramatic changes in morphology within the genus Homo have occurred over the past 2 million years or more, including large increases in absolute brain size and decreases in postcanine dental size and skeletal robusticity. Body mass, as the 'size' variable against which other morphological features are usually judged, has been important for assessing these changes. Yet past body mass estimates for Pleistocene Homo have varied greatly, sometimes by as much as 50% for the same individuals. Here we show that two independent methods of body-mass estimation yield concordant results when applied to Pleistocene Homo specimens. On the basis of an analysis of 163 individuals, body mass in Pleistocene Homo averaged significantly (about 10%) larger than a representative sample of living humans. Relative to body mass, brain mass in late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals) was slightly smaller than in early 'anatomically modern' humans, but the major increase in encephalization within Homo occurred earlier during the Middle Pleistocene (600-150 thousand years before present (kyr BP)), preceded by a long period of stasis extending through the Early Pleistocene (1,800 kyr BP).
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In the citing paper
“A steady increase in brain size-independent of body size-followed and lasted through the Pleistocene (Ruff et al., 1997;Lee and Wolpoff, 2003;Rightmire, 2004;Hawks, 2011).”
From When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants (2021) · cites this paper as Ruff et al., 1997
In the citing paper
“Human body size, as measured from skeletal dimensions, did reduce during the past 30,000 years, at least in some populations [1,6,7,12].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Human populations during the last 10,000 years have undergone rapid decreases in average brain size as measured by endocranial volume or as estimated from linear measurements of the cranium.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The decline in body mass in human populations during the last 10,000 years has been estimated as less than 5 kg, or less than a 10 percent reduction in mass from a Late Upper Paleolithic mean of some 63 kg [1].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“This reduction influenced both mass and stature [1,7,12].”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The 'living worldwide' value cited in that study was 58.2 kg, a reduction of less than 5 kg from the Late Upper Paleolithic value, although the samples are geographically inconsistent.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Ruff and colleagues [1] estimated a mean body mass for Late Upper Paleolithic humans as 62.9 kg; this estimate was derived from 71 skeletal specimens, mostly from Europe.”
From Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Leach showed that all four traits are found in H. sapiens, although cranial capacity was not reduced until the end of the Pleistocene and the significance of its reduction has been challenged (Ruff et al., 1997).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Ruff et al., 1997
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., & Holliday, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- William & Mary (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 6629
- Pages
- 173-176
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2072482003
- Cited by
- 896
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 111.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- body mass estimation, encephalization, Neanderthals, brain mass, anatomically modern humans, hominin evolution, Middle Pleistocene, brain size increase, skeletal robusticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Constitution, Body Weight, Brain, Biological Evolution, Female, Femur Head, Fossils, Humans, Male, Hominidae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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